F 
752 



BtG6 



DBPAETMENT OF THE INTBEIOE 



r— r-< 

1" r, 



i?HlL0SOPif£l4L SOCI 



BULLETIN 



1 



— OF— 



WASHINGTON 



OF thp: 



UNITED STATES 



GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



]sro. 17 o 



SURVEY OF THE BOUNDARY LINE BETWEEN IDAHO AND 

MONTANA FROM THE INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY 

TO THE CREST OF THE BITTERROOT 

MOUNTAINS.— GooDE 

umm Of G0NG!tFH3. 

RECtivEL 

. JAY2 11901 



WASHIi^GTOX 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
1900 




Glass. 



F?^'^ 



Book Bli5.4 



DEPAETMBNT OF THE INTEEIOE 



BULLETIN 



UNITED 'STATES 



GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



::Nro. 170. 




WASHINGTON 

G-OVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1900 



UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SUE YET 

CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DIRECTOR 



SURVEY 



OP THE 



BOUNDARY LINE BETWEEN IDAHO AND MONTANA 



FROM 



THE INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY TO THE CREST 
OF THE BITTERROOT MOUNTAINS 



BY 



BICHARD URQUHART GOODE 




WASHINGTON 

aOVEKNMENT PRINTINa OFFICE 
1900 






/- 7f^^ 



CONTENTS. 



Page. 

Letter of transmittal ,. 9 

Instructions 11 

Boundary lines. 15 

Account of operations 18 

Latitude, longitude, base line, azimuth, and triangulation 21 

Latitude 21 

Longitude 23 

Spokane base line. 25 

Azimuth 25 

Triangulation 29 

Transit and stadia work 40 

Monuments , 47 

The international boundary west of the summit of the Rocky Mountains, 

and the Mooyie Trail monument 58 

Financial statement 63 

Index 67 

5 



ILLUSTRATIONS. 



Page. 

Plate I. Crest of Bitterroot Mountains 16 

II. A, Cabinet Range; B, Summit of Cabinet Range, showing points 

touched by boundary line 18 

III. A, Camp south of summit of Cabinet Range; B, Quartzite slate 

near summit of Scotchman Peak 20 

IV. Astronomic piers in court-house grounds at Spokane, Washington. 23 
V. Diagram of triangulation for control of the Idaho-Montana 

boundary 30 

VI. Transit station on random line 40 

VII. Granite boundary-line monuments , - 46 

VIII. Design for iron post 48 

IX, Post 48, at summit of timbered ridge 50 

X. Post 42, and line cut through timber 53 

XI. A, Granite monument on boundary line near Leonia, Idaho; B, 

sectional monument at summit of Bitterroot Mountains 54 

XII. Clark Fork of Columbia River just west of boundary line 56 

XIII. Summit of Bitterroot Mountains, showing pack train loaded with 

sections of granite monument. 60 

XIV. Map of boundary line 66 

Fig. 1. Design for stadia rod. 41 

7. 



LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 



Department of the Interior, 
United States Geological Survey, 

Washington, D. C. , February 21, 1900. 
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a detailed report relat- 
ing to the survey of the boundary line between Idaho and Montana 
from the international boundary to the crest of the Bitterroot Moun- 
tains. 

I wish to make acknowledgment of the valuable services rendered 
in this connection by Messrs. S. S. Gannett and D. L. Reaburn, in 
iield and office, and by Mr. E. T. Perkins, jr., in the field. Mr. Gan- 
nett prepared the greater portion of the material relating to latitude, 
longitude, base line, azimuth, and triangulation. 

Very respectfully, 

Richard U. Goode, 

Geographer. 
Hon. Charles D. Walcott, 

Director United States Geological Survey. 



SURVEY OF THE BOUNDARY LINE BETWEEN IDAHO 

AND MONTANA FROM THE INTERNATIONAL 

BOUNDARY TO THE CREST OF THE 

BITTERROOT MOUNTAHiS. 



By Richard U. Goode. 



INSTRUCTIONS. 

The survey of the boundary line between Idaho and Montana was 
provided for by the Fifty-fourth Congress in the sundry civil act 
approved June 4, 1897. 

The following correspondence is self-explanatory: 

Department of the Interior, 
United States Geological Survey, 

Washington, D. C, June 5, 1897. 
The honorable the Secretary of the Interior. 

Sir: In response to your verbal request, I have the honor to transmit herewith 
suggested instructions relating to the survey of the boundary line between Idaho 
and Montana. 

I am, with respect, your, obedient servant, 

Chas. D. Walcott, Director. 

instructions relating to the survey op the boundary line between 
idaho and montana. 

Included in the act making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of the Gov- 
ernment for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1898, and for other purposes, is found 
the following law: 

For surveying that portion of the boundary line between Idaho and Montana 
beginning at the intersection of the thirty-ninth meridian with a boundary line 
between the United States and the British possessions, including the retracing of 
so much of the international boundary line as may be found necessary for the 
determination of said intersection, then following said meridian south until it 
reaches the summit of the Bitterroot Mountains, and for locating points on said 
meridian by triangulation from the Spokane base of the United States Geological 
Survey, and on the continuation of said boundary line along the Bitterroot Moun- 
tains between Idaho and Montana, seven thousand six hundred and fifty dollars, 
or so much thereof as may be necessary, to be immediately available: Provided, 
That the Secretary of the Interior shall direct that the survey shall be executed 
under the supervision of the Director of the Geological Survey by such persons 
as may be employed by or under him for that purpose, and such survey shall be 
executed under instructions to be issued by the Secretary of the Interior: Provided 
furthe''^. That the plats and field notes thereof prepared shall be approved and 

11 



12 SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. [bull. 170. 

certified to by the Director of the Geological Survey, and three copies thereof shall 
be returned, one for filing in the surveyor-general's office of Idaho, one in the 
surveyor-general's office of Montana, and the original in the General Land Office. 

In carrying out the provisions of the law above quoted three special processes 
are involved.- 

First. The accurate location of the thirty-ninth meridian on the ground by tri- 
angulation from the Spokane base of the United States Geological Survey, includ- 
ing the retracing of so much of the international boundary line as may be found 
necessary for the determination of the intersection of the thirty-ninth mei'idian 
with the said boundary line, as well as for locating points on the continuation of 
the boundary between Montana and Idaho along the summit of the Bitterroot 
Mountains. 

Second. The marking on the surface of the ground, by proper monuments, of 
the boundary as determined. 

Third. The preparation of the necessary plats and field notes. 

With reference to the'above, the following instructions will be observed: 

LOCATING THE BOUNDARY. 

The Spokane base of the United States Geological Survey is referred to the 
meridian of Greenwich, and the thirty-ninth meridian above mentioned has for 
its initial point the meridian of the old Naval Observatory at Washington. By 
applying the proper correction and referring the thirty-ninth meridian west of 
Washington to the meridian of Greenwich, the result is that the meridian to be 
determined as the boundary line between Idaho and Montana is 116° 03' 02 ".30 
west of Greenwich. 

The triangulation from the Spokane base will be extended eastward so as to accu- 
rately locate the intersection of the meridian above mentioned west from Green- 
wich with the summit of the Bitterroot Mountains. It may be that this identical 
point can not be located directly by triangulation, but a point as near thereto as 
may be possible should be so located, and from this the exact point should be 
determined by careful traverse based on an astronomic or calculated azimuth 
and distances determined by direct chaining or stadia measurement, whichever 
may be most practicable. 

After the point referred to, namely, the intersection of the meridian 116° 03' 02 ".30 
west from Greenwich with the summit of the Bitterroot Mountains, has been 
determined, the triangulation is to be extended northward, locating as many 
points as may be practicable as near as may be to the boundary line between 
Idaho and Montana until the international botmdary is reached. From the points 
so located by triangulation other points exactly on the boundary will be deter- 
mined by traverse in the manner hitherto mentioned. The international bound- 
ary line is supposedly on the forty-ninth parallel of latitude. It will not, however, 
answer the purpose to rely on the location of this parallel from the Spokane base, 
but it must be determined with reference to an existing monument or monuments, 
being carefully retraced until its point of intersection with the meridian is exactly 
located. 

The distance along the international boundary from the nearest monument, or 
the monument recovered, to the point of intersection will be determined either by 
triangulation or direct measurement with chain or stadia or a combination of the 
two methods. 

After points as above described have been located on the boundary line between 
Idaho and Montana from the international boundary to the summit of the Bitter- 
root Mountains, these points will be joined by true meridian lines, so that a suffi- 
cient number of points on the boundary in addition may be determined to fulfill the 
conditions made necessary under the provisions hereinafter mentioned for mark- 



GooDE.] INSTRUCTIONS. 13 

ing the line. Upon the completion of the siirvey and marking of the portion of the 
boundary line coincident with the thirty- ninth meridian, the triangulation will be 
extended in a southeasterly direction so as to locate points on the continuation of 
the said boundary line along the Bltterroot Mountains. 

All triangulation will be executed in accordance with instructions issued by the 
Director of the United States Geological Survey under date of February 15, 1897. 

In running lines between points located on the boundary the following instruc- 
tions will be observed: 

The instrument used must be a first-class transit instrument, reading to minutes 
or less, with or without solar attachment, but provided with stadia wires, and 
must be kept constantly in adjustment. In running the line, double back and 
fore sights with telesoope direct and reversed must be taken, in order to guard 
against errors resulting from imperfect adjustment of the line of collimation. It 
is absolutely necessary to follow this method whenever meridian lines are run, 
in order to avoid errors in the course. 

When offset lines are necessary, the notes must fully explain the procedure, 
and a diagram of such offsets must be inserted after the verbal description. 

Observations on Polaris for azimuth must be taken on the line every night, 
weather and other circumstances permitting, and the record of such observations 
must be given in detail in the notes in the manner as described in the Manual of 
Surveying Instructions for the Survey of the Public Lands of the United States, 
issued by the Commissioner of the General Land Office under date of June 30, 1894. 

Temporary marks will be established on the preliminary or random lines between 
located points, and on reaching a closing point the departure therefrom will be 
noted. The true line will then be established, and permanent marks placed by 
shifting the positions of the tenaporary marks with a swing proportionate to the 
closure error and distances. Distances along the line will be carried by stadia or 
chaining, so that it will be possible to locate accurately all monuments established, 
as well as all topographic and cultural features. The distances thus obtained will 
be checked in closirfg from one located point to another. 

A full description of all monuments, the character of the timber and soil, the 
distances to the crossing of all bridges, rivers, lakes, outlines of wooded areas, 
railroads, roads, trails, and other prominent features will be fully recorded in the 
field notes, and a sketch of the topographic features adjacent to the boundary line 
will be made, as well as from each triangulation station on or near the line and 
from any traverse that may be run in connection with the line. Intersections will 
be made whenever possible on all important objects susceptible of location. 

The magnetic declination will be determined in connection with each transit 
observation on the line. 

MARKING THE LINE. 

Monolithic monuments will be placed on the boundary at the following places: 
Near the Northern Pacific Railway, near the Great Northern Railway, and near 
the north bank of the Kootenai River. These monuments are to be 6 feet long 
and 10 inches square, minimum dimensions, and are to be placed in a truly verti- 
cal position, set 3 feet in the ground and with their faces directed to the cardinal 
points. They are to be of undressed stone, except for a space suflBcient to cut the 
words "Idaho" and "Montana" on the west and east sides, respectively, which 
will be dressed smooth, and tii-> letters shall be 2 inches high, of proportionate 
width and of the style known as Egyptian. The same kind of monuments will be 
placed on the line at the international boundary and at the summ.t of the Bitter- 
root Mountains if it shall be found practicable to transport them in one mass, 
otherwise they will be prepared in the quarry in every respect similar to those 
mentioned above and will then be sawed into sections of such size as to be readily 



14 SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. [bull. no. 

transported on pack mules to their destinations. They will then be firmly and 
securely cemeted with Portland cement and established in the same manner as the 
other stone monuments. The monument on the international boundary in addi- 
tion to having the inscription ' ' Idaho " and ' ' Montana "' on the west and east sides, 
respectively, will have "Canada"' inscribed on the north. 

Intermediate between the stone monuments above described will be placed at 
prominent summits, road, trail, or stream crossings, at distances not exceeding a 
mile apart, and intervisible whenever possible, wrought-iron posts 6 feet in length, 
3 feet of which shall be above ground and 3 feet below the surface, with a brass 
cap similar in general design to the standard iron j)osts used by the United States 
Geological Survey. The cap surmounting the post will be inscribed as below, the 
line cut on the cap being coincident with the boundary line: 

IDAHO 
BOUNDARY 



lAlSTE 
MONTANA 

Under each post will be placed a stone marked with charcoal or a vial filled 
with ashes. 

It is assumed that generally a soil surface for the insertion of the stone or iron 
posts can be found sufficiently near the points it is desired to establish the monu- 
ments. If, however, the exact point should fall on rock at the international 
boundary or the summit of the Bitterroot Mountains, a hole will be chiseled in 
the rock to a depth of about 8 Inches and a little larger than the base of the 
monument. Into this hole the monument will be firmly cemented with the best 
Portland cement. If the point for the location of one of the iron posts should 
fall on a rock surface, a copper plug similar to that used by the United States 
Q-eological Survey will be cemented in the rock and a truncated conical mound 
of stone, not less than 2i feet high and 5 feet broad, will be placed to the north 
of the point at a distance of 4 feet from it. The copper plug will be stamped as 

MONT, 
follows: — rrz— — and will be properlv oriented. 
IDA. 

When suitable bearing trees are found within a distance of 100 feet of a stone 
monument or iron post, they must be marked on the side facing the corner in the 
manner prescribed in the manual for special corners. 

In addition, each iron post will be witnessed, when possible, by mounds of earth 
or stone, one in Idaho and one in Montana, the material for the mounds to be 
taken from pits, one north and one south of the post, dug crosswise of the line. 
The pits will be 3 feet east and west, 2 feet north and south, and 1 foot deep, and 
their centers, as well as the centers of the mounds, will be 4 feet from the center 
of the iron post. 

PLATS AND FIELD NOTES. 

Special attention is called to the provisions of the law relating to plats and field 
notes. 

All plats and field notes shall be approved and certified to by the Director of the 
Greological Survey, and four copies thereof shall be returned— one for filing in the 
surveyor-general's office of Idaho, one in the surveyor-general's office of Montana, 
one in the office of the Geological Survey, and the original in the General Land 
Office. All field notes must be transcribed on a typewriting machine. 

The results of the topographic notes will be embodied in a map which will be 
drawn on a scale of 1 inch to a mile. Detailed diagrams of the i)oints on the inter- 
national boundary and at the intersections of the Bitterro6t Mountains will be 
made. 



GooDE] BOUNDARY LINES. 15 

All parties engaged in the prosecution of this survey will be sworn before an 
ofiflcer duly qualified to administer oaths at the beginning and end of the survey. 
The oath of the chief of party must be taken either before the clerk of the district 
court or a United States commissioner. (See Manual, page 64.) 

Department of the Interior, 

Washington, June 5, 1897. 
The Director of the Geological Survey. 

Sir: Your letter of the 5th instant has been received, submitting for my con- 
sideration and approval instructions relating to the survey of the boundary line 
between Idaho ami Montana, for which provision was made in the sundry civil 
appropriation bill, approved June 4. 

The instructions in question have been approved by indorsement thereon and 
are herewith returned. 

Very respectfully, C. N. Bliss, Secretary. 



Department op the Interior, 
United States Geological Survey, 

Washington, D. C, June 7, 1897. 
Mr. R. U. Goode, Geographer. 

Sir: The execution of the necessary work in connection with the survey of the 
boundary line between Idaho and Montana, as provided for in the sundry civil 
bill for the fiscal year 1897-98, is placed under your supervision. 

This work will be performed in accordance with instructions approved June 5, 
1897, by the Secretary of the Interior. 

The sum of |7,650 has been appropriated in this connection, and you are author- 
ized, within the limits of the above appropriation, to employ such temporary field 
assistants as may be necessary for the proper prosecution of the survey, and to 
mak* such journeys and to order your assistants to make such journeys as may 
be necessary in carrying forward the work. 

Very respectfully, Chas. D. Walcott, Director. 

BOUNDARY LINES. 

Territorial and State lines in the northwestern portion of the United 
States have undergone many changes. Originally this area was in- 
cluded partly in Louisiana and partly in Oregon, the dividing line 
being the crest of the Rocky Mountains. 

Oregon Territory was organized August 14, 1848. Its area at that 
time included the present States of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, 
and portions of Wyoming and Montana. The Territory of Nebraska, 
' formed from a portion of the Louisiana Purchase, was organized May 
30, 1854. Its original area extended from Minnesota on the east to the 
continental watershed on the west, and included the existing State of 
Nebraska and portions of Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, North Dakota, 
and South Dakota. The Territory of Dakota was formed March 2, 
1861, from parts of the State of Minnesota and the Territory of Ne- 
braska, and on March 3, 1863, the Territory of Idaho was formed of 
portions of Nebraska, Dakota, and Washington, the latter having 
been organized March 2, 1853, from a portion of the Territoiy of Oregon. 
Originally, Idaho contained about 324,875 square miles, but in 1864 it 



16 SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. [bull. 170. 

was reduced 146,080 square miles by the formation of the Territory 
of Montana, which was taken entirely from Idaho, and in 1868 it was 
further reduced hy the formation of the Territory of Wj'oming, almost 
the whole of which (93,995 square miles) was taken from Idaho. Mon- 
tana to-day stands as originally organized, while Idaho contains about 
84,800 square miles. 
The present boundaries of Montana are described as follows: 

Beginning at the intersection of the twenty-seventh meridian of longitude with 
the boundary line between the United States and the British possessions, it fol- 
lows said meridian south to the forty-fifth parallel of latitude; thence west on this 
parallel to the thirty- fourth meridian; south on the thirty- fourth meridian to the 
point where that meridian intersects the continental watershed; thence westward 
and northwestward, following the line of the continental watershed and the sum- 
mit of the Bitterroot Range to its intersection with the thirty-ninth meridian; 
thence north on the thirty-ninth meridian to the boundary line between the United 
States and British possessions, and east on that boundary line to the point of begin- 
ning. 

The present boundaries of Idaho are described as follows : 

Beginning at the intersection of the thirty-ninth meridian with the boundary 
line between the United States and the British possessions it follows said meridian 
south until it reaches the summit of the Bitterroot Mountains; thence southeast- 
ward along the crest of the Bitterroot Range and the Continental Divide until it 
intersects the meridian of thirty- four degrees of longitude; thence southward on 
this meridian to the forty-second parallel of latitude; thence west on this parallel 
of latitude to its intersection with a meridian drawn through the mouth of the 
Owyhee River; north on this meridian to the mouth of the Owyhee River; thence 
down the midchannel of the Snake River to the mouth of the Clearwater; and 
thence north on the meridian which passes through the mouth of the Clearwater 
to the boundary line between the United States and the British possessions, and 
east on said boundary line to the place of beginning. 

The boundarj^ under discussion is the common one mentioned 
above. 

In the United States State boundary lines may be grouped in two 
general classes: 

First. Those that are defined by some natural physical feature, 
such as an ocean or a lake shore, the channel or bank of a stream, tli^e 
summit of a range of mountains, or a watershed. 

Second. Those that are defined by imaginarj'- lines which must be , 
traced on the earth's surface by astronomic or mathematical processes. 
Such a line may be a meridian of longitude, a parallel of latitude, a line 
between two points (such as a portion of the eastern boundary of 
Nevada, which is from the intersection of the one hundred and twen- 
tieth meridian and the thirty-ninth degree of latitude to a point on 
the Colorado River where it intersects the thirty-fifth degree of lati- 
tude), a line defined by azimuth and distance or a number of such 
lines consecutively joined (such as the boundary line between Maine 
and New Hampshire), a line determined by a given direction from a 
certain point terminating at its intersection with some other line 



wooDE.] BOUNDARY LINES. 17 

(such as a portion of the western boundary of Idaho, which runs from 
a point in the channel of Snake River opposite the mouth of the Clear- 
water due north to the thirty-ninth parallel of latitude), or a tangent 
or arc of a circle (such as the western and northern boundary of Del- 
aware). 

Generally speaking, boundary lines of the first class need no mon- 
uments to indicate their location, while those of the second class must 
be perpetuated by marks of some kind after their positions have been 
determined. 

The boundary line between Idaho and Montana is made up of two 
sections, falling into the two classes mentioned. The first section is 
that part defined as the thirty-ninth meridian, between the interna- 
tional boundary and the summit of the Bitterroot Mountains ; and 
the second section is the sinuous line corresponding to portions of the 
crest of the Bitterroot and Rocky mountains, this line beginning at 
the intersection of one meridian line and terminating at another 
meridian line. The first section has been located and marked by 
monuments, as will appear hereafter. The second section is consid- 
ered to be adequately determined, since it follows a watershed, and 
its terminal points have been marked — the northern one by the results 
of the survey under discussion, and the second by the results of the 
survey of the western boundary of Wyoming, which line follows the 
thirty-fourth meridian from the forty-first parallel to the crest of 
the Rocky Mountains. The survey of the latter line was authorized 
by an act of Congress approved March 3, 1873, and was made, under 
contract, by Alonzo V. Richards, astronomer and surveyor, in June, 
July, August, and September, 1874. The following is a description 
of the corner of Idaho and Montana on this line, as taken from the 
report of the survey above referred to: 

At 245 miles 56 chains and 50 links the corner of Idaho and Montana was estab- 
lished on the crest of the Rocky Mountains. It is commemorated by a pine post 
11 feet long by 15 inches in diameter, 3^ feet in the ground, marked on north face 
"34° W. L., 1874;" on south face, " 246 m, 56 chs. 50 Iks.; " on east face, "Wyom- 
ing; " on southwest face, "Idaho; " on northwest face, ' ' Montana; " and is squared 
2 feet at the upper end in the shape of a pentagon. The point is further per- 
petuated by a stone in the bottom of the pit in which this post was set, marked 
"A. V. R," with several charred blocks. A conical mound of earth and stone was 
raised 4 feet high by 7 feet in diameter, with a pit in the corner of each of the 
three Territories 3 feet square by 3 feet deep. Then, on the top of the mound, on 
the east side, was placed a flat sandstone, marked " Wyoming;" another on the 
southwest side, marked "Idaho," and one on the northwest side, marked "Mon- 
tana." Nineteen pine trees are noted as witnesses to this post. 

It will be noted that the law provides for locating points on the con- 
tinuation of the boundary line along the Bitterroot Mountains between 
Idaho and Montana. It was not possible to extend the triangulation 
beyond the southern extremity of the meridional portion of the bound- 
ary line, on account of the available funds not being sufficient for 
Bull. 170 2 



18 SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. [bull. 170. 

the purpose. In fact, the appropriation made would not have been 
adequate for the work that was accomplished if it had not been pos- 
sible to utilize, in connection with the boundarj^ line, work done 
under other appropriations. In this manner about 50 miles of the 
boundary were accurately located in connection with the survey of 
the Hamilton quadrangle, a portion of which is embraced within the 
limits of the Bitterroot Forest Reserve. 

The crest line of the Rocky and Bitterroot mountains between Idaho 
and Montana is generallj^ a clearly defined summit or watershed, so 
that no serious question need arise as to its identification as an inter- 
State boundary. (See PI. I.) In a few localities, notably in some of 
the passes, there are morasses of small extent out of which the water 
flows or seeps in both directions. If the question of placing monu- 
ments to mark this line ever arose, the location of monuments in 
such swampy localities as are found to exist would probablj^ fulfill 
all necessary requirements. It is, however, very desirable that topo- 
graphic maps of the adjacent territory be prepared. Such maps would 
clearly differentiate the true summits from the diverging spurs, and 
prevent any possible misconception as to the location of the line. 
After these maps had been prepared there would be no further ques- 
tion of surveying, but merely one of placing monuments, should this 
be considered necessary. 

It frequently happens, as the result of greater or less relative ero- 
sion or uplifting, that spurs have an elevation higher than that of the 
main watershed, and this is remarkably the case in certain portions 
of the Bitterroot Mountains. In fact, in those portions where detailed 
examinations have been made all of the higher points of the range are 
uniformly from 6 to 8 miles east of the present divide, and it is prob- 
ably true that this divide, in the course of geologic time, has retreated 
from an irregular line which passed through these high points. This, 
if true, is due partly to the fact that the waters of the Bitterroot 
River draining to the eastward have a greater relative rate of fall, 
and consequently greater erosive power, than had the waters flowing 
westward through the Clearwater, and thus the territory tributary to 
the former is gradually being captured by and added to that of the 
latter. 

ACCOUNT OF OPERATIONS. 

The work in connection with the boundary line extended through 
portions of three field and office seasons. 

The act providing for the survey of the boundary line was approved 
June 4, 1897, and Mr. E. T. Perkins, jr., topographer, was immedi- 
ately detailed for field work in connection with the triangulation. 
Mr. Perkins left the city of Washington on June 10, and proceeded 
to Spokane, Washington, by way of Boise, Idaho, stopping at the 
latter place to arrange for the transportation of certain property to 



I). S. GEOLOGICAI. SURVEY 



BULLETIN NO. 170 PL. II 




A CABINET RANGE. 




Jl. SUMMIT OF CABINET RANGE, SHOWING POINTS TOUCHED BY BOUNDARY 
LINE (A AND B). 



QOODE.] 



ACCOUNT OF OPERATIONS. 19 



be used in connection with the work. The party was organized at 
Spokane, and at first consisted of only a paclter and a cook, but was 
afterwards increased by the addition of a field assistant, when angle 
observations were begun. When occasion required, for instance in 
clearing the timber for a triangulation station, extra men were hired 
by the day. Transportation was at first by saddle and pack animals 
alone, but later a light spring wagon was added to the outfit. 

The work was greatly retarded by smoke during the summer, which 
was at times so dense as to render observations impossible, and by 
unusually early storms in the fall. All operations were entirely 
suspended about October 1, the snow being so deep as to render prac- 
tically impossible the ascent of the peaks used as triangulation 
stations. The season's work consisted in extending the triangulation 
from the Spokane base eastward, through a longitudinal interval of 
about 70 miles, to the boundary line. Fifteen stations were erected, 
nine of which were occupied, and one observation for azimuth was 
made. Another object accomplished during the field season was the 
identification on the ground of the Mooyie Trail monument, which 
had been established by the Northwestern Boundary Commission. 
This monument was about 8|- miles west of the boundary line between 
Idaho and Montana, and was the nearest monument or mark of any 
kind on or near the international boundary that could be identified. 
Further reference will be made to the Mooyie Trail monument. 

After the party was disbanded, Mr, Perkins proceeded to California 
for duty. During the winter the office work pertaining to the tri- 
angulation was done under the direction of Mr. S. S. Gannett. Three 
figures were adjusted by least squares, and the geodetic positions of 
nine points were computed. One of the stations, Divide, was found 
to be 6, 072' feet east of the Idaho-Montana boundary line, and another 
station, Scotchman-, was found to be 7,842 feet west of it. 

Field operations were resumed in June, 1898, two parties being 
organized, one for the extension and completion of the necessary tri- 
angulation, the other for running the random line northward from 
the point determined as the intersection of the thirty-ninth meridian 
west from Washington with the crest of the Bitterroot Mountains. 

Mr. Perkins continued the triangulation, and the line party was 
organized by Mr. S. S. Gannett, topographer, with Mr. D. L. Reaburn, 
as transit man, the latter assuming charge of the party after the work 
was started. 

Mr. Perkins extended his work of the preceding year northward to 
the international boundary, occupying nine new stations and reoccu- 
pying four old ones. A high signal was erected over the Mooyie 
Trail monument, and this point was located. Unfortunately the 
character of the country was such that it was impossible to get a 
location by triangulation near the northern terminus of the inter- 
state boundary line. 



20 SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. [bull. 170. 

Mr. Gannett was instructed to carefully examine the topographic 
features of the country adjacent to the triangulation station Divide, 
in order to determine whether it was on the true summit of the Bit- 
terroot Mountains, and then, by traverse from the Divide station, to 
locate the exact point on the summit from which, as the initial point, 
the random line should be projected northward. Observations for 
azimuth were obtained at Divide, the details of which will appear 
hereafter, and also at the end of the traverse line. This traverse was 
run along the divide westward through a longitudinal interval which 
was supposed to be 6,072 feet, but, unfortunately, owing to an error 
in the field computations, the location of the initial point was made 
177 feet too far east. This error was discovered in the office, and 
in the adjustment of the random line it was entirely eliminated from 
the final results. 

Work on the random line was commenced July 11 by the party 
under Mr. Reaburn, which consisted of one recorder, two rodmen, 
two packers, three axmen, and a cook. The region traversed was 
along the entire line very rough and generally covered with timber. 
There were few roads or open trails, and the transportation problem 
was a difficult one. A pack train was provided, and it was generally 
necessary to make long detours and to cut out trails in order to estab- 
lish camps at convenient points near the line. Toward the close of 
the season a great deal of snow was encountered on the high ridges, 
the party narrowly escaping being snowed in without provisions. 
The survey of the random line was completed to the vicinity of the 
international boundary on October 31 in snow 2| feet deep. 

Horizontal and vertical distances along the entire line were obtained 
by stadia measurements. The total rise and fall of the boundary line 
was about 63,000 feet, the average length of sights 350 feet, length of 
line about 72 miles, number of transit stations 1,051, and number of 
azimuth stations 17. 

At the conclusion of the field season Mr. Perkins returned to the 
office and Mr. Reaburn was ordered to field duties elsewhere. 

During the office season of 1898-99, after the triangulation had 
been finally computed, an adjustment of the stadia work to the trian- 
gulation was made, and tables were prepared showing the exact lati- 
tudinal and longitudinal corrections to be applied at each station of 
the random line. Elevations were also computed from the vertical 
angles for each transit station. Six sheets on mounted drawing paper, 
each sheet extending through a latitudinal interval of 10', were then 
prepared. On these sheets was drawn the boundary line in its true 
position, and all topographic features which had been located from 
the random line were indicated. Such elevations as would be useful 
in sketching contours were also placed on the sheets, and the sheets 
thus arranged were used for sketching the topography adjacent to the 
line. 

Mr. Reaburn resumed field operations about the middle of June, 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 




iiilMItt 1h 









BULLETIN NO. 170 PL. Ill 






A. CAMP SOUTH OF SUMMIT OF CABINET RANGE. 




B QUARTZITE SLATE NEAR SUMMIT OF SCOTCHMAN PEAK, 



QooDE.] LATITUDE. 21 

1899, the party as organized being similar to that of the preceding 
season. The field work which remained was to remeasiire a portion 
of the line, place the monuments, cut out the true line, and secure 
additional data for the map. 

The line was divided into four sections, reference to which will be 
made hereafter. Three of them were controlled by triangulation, but 
the fourth, or northernmost section, not being so controlled, it was 
decided to remeasure that section with the stadia, and also to make a 
careful comparative measurement with a steel tape. The measure- 
ment with the steel tape served not only to check this section of the 
line, but was also used as a basis of comparison with the stadia meas- 
iirements and to determine a stadia factor, which was afterwards 
apj)lied to all of the stadia work. 

The measurements of the northernmost section were first made, and 
the northern terminal point of the line determined. The party then 
started southward, and the monuments were established, marked, and 
witnessed in accordance with the instructions. The topography was 
also sketched, but as the territory through which the line ran was for 
the most part covered with timber, it was impossible, without delaying 
the work beyond the limit of the available funds, to cover more than 
a narrow belt. This work was completed October 5, 1899, and after 
a short service in another locality Mr. Reaburn reported to the ofiice 
in Washington for the preparation of the final notes and plats. 

LATITUDE, XiONGITUDB, BASE LINE, AZIMUTH, AISTD TRI- 
ANGULATION. 

In the following pages is given a short account of the methods 
employed in establishing what may be termed ' ' the control " for the 
boundary line. 

By combining the results of the latitude, longitude, and azimuth 
observations with the base-line measurement, the position on the 
earth's surface and the length and true direction of a line were deter- 
mined. Through a system of triangulation based on the line thus 
established the positions of points near the boundary line were com- 
puted, as well as the distances and directions between these points. 

LATITUDE. 

The new county court-house at Spokane having been built very 
close to the longitude pier of the United States Coast and Geodetic 
Survey of 1888, the latter could not be used as a latitude pier. A 
new pier was therefore built 67.4 feet east of the longitude pier, 
where an unobstructed view of the meridian could be obtained. (See 
PL IV.) 

A Fauth combined transit and zenith telescope (No. 534) was 
mounted on this pier, and in August, 1896, observations for lati- 
tude, by the Talcott method, were made by Mr. S. S. Gannett. Pairs 



22 



SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. 



I BULL, 170. 



of stars wore selected from Safford's Catalogue of 2018 Stars. The 
apparent day places, however, were obtained from the Berliner Jahr- 
buch whenever possible; otherwise, they were computed by the usual 
methods, as explained in the American Ephemeris. 

Fifty-nine observations upon twenty-seven pairs of stars gave a 
weighted mean value for the latitude of the pier of 47° 39' 51'. 46 
± U".13. The results for dilfereut nights and for different pairs of 
stars are given in the following table : 



Results for latitude, Spokane {Washington) Station, 1896. 
[S. S. Gannett, observer and computer.] 



Stars (Safford), num- 
ber and class. 


Individual results. 
47° 39'. 


Mean. 


Weight. 


Aug. 6. 


Aug. 7. 


Aug. 8. 


Aug. 9. 


748 A, 759 A-.. 


Seconds. 


Seconds. 


Seconds. 
51.54 


Seconds. 
50. 17 
53.27 
51.46 
50.66 
49.01 
49.80 

49.81 
50.58 

51.05 
50. 65 
49.71 
51.30 
52.52 
51.74 
51.57 
52. 66 
51.20 
50.15 
49.14 
51.07 

52.63 


Seconds. 
50.85 
51.66 
51.46 
51.02 
49.99 
49.88 
50. 24 
50.79 
49.81 
50. 58 
52.08 
51.05 
50.65 
51.13 
51.67 
53.26 
52.37 
51.57 
52.11 
51.49 
51.25 
51.32 
51.16 
53.45 
52. 63 
50. 30 
53.03 


1.72 
1.28 
0.79 
1.69 
1.62 
2.40 
1.80 
1.32 
0.80 
0.96 
0.80 
0.80 
0.80 
1.63 
1.72 
2.70 
2.90 
0.88 
2.05 
2.47 
1.53 
2.99 
2.55 
1.63 
0.96 
0.79 
1.80 


766 A, 782 C... 

772 A, 782 C 




50. 05 


795 C, 801 AA... 




51.69 
50.04 
50.16 
50.90 
50.78 


50. 70 
50.92 
49.68 
49.57 
50.80 


809 C, 852 A._- 




814 A, 852 A 




814 A, 856 AA .. 




809 C, 856 AA 




809 C, 834 AA 




814 A. 834 AA... 








882 AA, 917 C... 
901 C 903 AA 


-- 




52.08 


903 A A, 920 C... 








931 B, 949 A . 




52. 56 
52.15 
53.58 
52.90 


53.12 
52.38 


957 A, 969 A .. 




987 A, 989 B... 

989 B,1000AA..- 

1011 B, 1032 B... 


53.81 
52.46 


1016 B,1032 B... 
1032 B. 1037 B... 
1032 B,1047 C... 
1059 A, 1078 A. . 
1188 AA, 1129 A .. 


52.10 
51.62 

52.82 


51.36 
51.58 
51.59 
52.21 
53.54 


51.57 
51.78 
52.02 
51.75 
51.37 
53.37 


1129 A, 1146 B 




1133 AA, 1158 A-- 




1161 A, 1173 C 






50.30 
53.00 


1202 AA, 1207 A... 




53.06 







Weighted mean, 47° 39' 51" .46 ± 0".13. 



GooDE.] OBSERVATIONS FOR LONGITUDE. 23 

LONGITUDE. 

The meridional portion of the line is defined as corresponding to 
the thirty-ninth degree of longitude west from Washington. 

Section 435, Revised Statutes, provides that "The meridian of the 
Observatory at Washington shall he adopted and used as the Ameri- 
can meridian for all astronomical purposes," and this has been con- 
strued as meaning the old Naval Observatory. The latest adjustment 
by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey fixes the longitude of 
the center of the dome of the United States Naval Observatory (old 
site) at 5'' 08'" 12M53 ± 0^049, or 77° 03' 02".30± 0".74; hence the 
longitude of the meridian corresponding to the boundary line between 
Idaho and Montana is 116° 03' 02". 30. ■ 

The United States Coast and Geodetic Survey has published an 
adjusted network of telegraphic longitude determinations, including 
points distributed in various localities throughout the United States. 
This system includes the Naval Observatory at Washington and also 
a station at Helena, Montana. From Helena the Coast Survey in 
1888 determined the longitude of a pier in the court-house grounds 
at Spokane. 

The nightly programme at each station was to observe, with an 
astronomic transit, two sets of ten stars each for local time, each half 
set consisting of four stars having a mean azimuth factor nearly equal 
to zero, and one circumpolar star. Two such half sets, with a reversal 
of the telescope in the Y's between them, give a strong time deter- 
mination. The same sets of stars were observed at Helena and at 
Spokane, thus giving the chronometer error for each local meridian. 

Between the two time sets the chronometers were compared by 
telegraph, thus giving the difference in time, and consequently in 
longitude, between the meridians within a small fraction of a second. 
As will be noticed in the following table, such observations and chro- 
nometer comparisons were made on four nights, when the observers 
interchanged places and made similar observations and chronometer 
comparison on four other nights, thus eliminating the effect of "per- 
sonal equation." 



24 



SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. 



[BULL. 170. 



The figures relating to this description, which were kindly furnished 
by the Superintendent of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, 
are presented below : 

Resulting difference of longitude between the astronomic stations at Spokane, 
Washington, and Helena, Montana, as determined by the United States Coast 
and Geodetic Survey in September, 1SS8. 



Date. 


Observer. 


a o 

u O m 


a c3 
^ a 


W 
^ 


"S it 

oi. 

cj B cj 
».B 


fci'-' 

a* 

o 


a) a 
5 


B 


B.£f 



o 


i 
5 


d 


P. 


:4 

a 
W 


1888. 
Sept. 13.... 

Sept. 15 

Sept. 33.... 
Sept. 24.... 

Sept. 36..-. 
Sept. 37.... 
Sept. 38.... 
Sept. 39.... 


^^ 
< 

■ B 

M 


c . 

td 

6 

■ 
< 


' // 
31 34. 193 
.318 
.399 

.383 

31 34.616 
.703 
.667 
.663' 


31 M. 171 
.164 
.247 
.324 

Mean... 

21 34.591 
.673 
.625 
.619 

Mean . . . 


0. 032 
.054 
.052 
.059 


/ // 

21 34.183 

.191 

.373 

.354 


+0.208 
-0.208 


31 34.390 
.399 
.481 
.462 

.396 
.479 
.438 
.433 


6 
5 
5 
10 

4 
4 
5 
5 


II 

+0. 047 
+ .038 

- .044 

- .035 

+ .041 

- .043 

- .001 
+ .004 

± 009 


.047 


31 34.225 


0.025 
.029 
.042 
.044 


21 34.604 
.687 
.646 
.641 


.035 


21 34.644 


31 34.435 


Weighted mean. 


31 34. 437 



Transmission time, 0^.030 ± 0s.O03. 

Personal equation, Marr-Sinclair, 0^.308 ± 0s.009. 

At Spokane, transit No. 19 was mounted in the grounds of the county court-house. 

At Helena, transit No. 18 was mounted over the station in the northwest corner of the grounds 

of the United States assay office. The station was established in 1888. The court-houso tower 

is Os.334 or 4". 86 east and 0".811 south of the transit. 
A ASpokane-Helena=31" 34s.487 ± 0s.0(]9. 
A Helena (transit 1888), 7h tii^ 08^.789 ± 0^053. 
A Spokane (transit), 7h 49n" 43^.336 ± 0s.053. 
117° 35' 48".39 ± 0".80. 

From the foregoing it will be observed that the probable error of 
the longitude determination of the Spokane pier is 0".80, or about 54 
feet. Through a connection with the pier at Spokane the longitude 
of the meridian of the boundary line was established by triangulation 
and traverse, as will appear hereafter. • 

It may be remarked, in connection with the foregoing, that while 
the meridian of the Observatory at Washington is, by law approved 
September i>8, 1850, the American meridian for all astronomical pur- 
poses, the geodetic operations of the country generally are conducted 
with reference to the meridian of Greenwich as an initial point. Gov- 
ernment maps are usually referred to Greenwich, and standard time 
is reckoned from it. 



BASE LINE AND AZIMUTH, 25 



SPOKANE BASE LINE. 

A site for this base line was found in the valley of the Spokane 
River, east of the city of Spokane, points for its expansion being 
located on the surrounding hills. The line was measured along a 
tangent of the Northern Pacific Railway, beginning about 2.5 miles 
east of the Spokane depot and extending eastward 5 miles. It was 
prepared by nailing boards 1 by 6 by 60 inches 300 feet apart along 
the cross-ties parallel to the rail. On each board a smaller board 
(1 by 4 by 12 inches) was nailed, and on the latter was tacked a strip 
of zinc 2 by 10 inches. At night two complete measurements were 
made with United States Geological Survey steel tape No. 1, under a 
tension of 20 pounds, temperature being taken by reading three ther- 
mometers at each tape length. The front end of the tape was marked 
on the zinc strip with a fine brad awl. The length of the tape used, 
compared with the mural standard of the United States Coast and 
Geodetic Survey on October 30, 1895, was found to be 300.0075 feet; 
on December 5, 1896, 300.0058 feet. The mean of these two, 300.0067 
feet, was adopted. 

Adopted coefificient of expansion F._ .0000065 

Mean temperature of first measurement .,... 60^.35 

Mean temperature of second measurement . . 59°. 25 

Difference between the two measurements, when corrected for tempera- 
ture feet_. .006 

Mean elevation of the line above sea level, as given by a profile furnished 

by the Northern Pacific Railway feet.. 1,972 

Length of base corrected for temperature ... do 36,407.288 

Correction for inclination do_.. — 0.156 

Reduction to sea level -..do-__ — 2.491 

Reduced length do... 26,404.641 

Logarithm of length, in meters .- 3.9056963 

The terminal points were transferred to the embankment 25 feet 
north of north rail, and the new points being intervisible, high tripod 
supports for the theodolite were necessary. 

AZIMUTH. 

The azimuth of the Spokane base line was determined by mounting 
8-inch micrometer theodolite No. 300 over the west base and meas- 
uring the angle between Polaris and a mark placed at the east base. 
A series of observations, consisting of eighteen pointings (direct and 
reverse), was taken near elongation August 15, 1896, the resulting 
mean for azimuth west base-east base being 253° 18' 45". 80. 

With this value and the astronomic location of the cupola of the 
court-house at Spokane the positions of all triangulation stations 
and azimuths of all lines in the main belt of triangulation eastward 



26 



SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. [bull. 170. 



to Divide and Scotcliman stations, near the Idaho-Montana boundary 
line were computed. A check azimuth was observed at Divide trian- 
gulation station July 7, 1898, Avith the same theodolite. Twenty 
pointings (direct and reversed) on Polaris were obtained and referred 
to Scotchman station. 

Azimuth of line Divide-Scotchman computed from Spokane base. . 170 18 05.^7 
Azimuth of same line by direct observation 170 18 10.25 

Difference .-- --- 4.38 

The observed value was adopted in the computation of positions 

in the extension of the triangulation northward to the international 

boundary. 

Examples of record and computation for azimuth determination are 

given herewith : 



Azimuth determinations at triangulation station Divide, July 7, 1S9S. S. 8. 

Oannett, observer. 

[Latitude (</>) 47° 57' 57".51. Longitude (A ) 116° 01' 33".08] 



Azimuth mark- 
PolarisD 



Polaris R 

Azimuth mark. 



Azimuth mark. 
Polaris R 



Polaris R 

Azimuth mark. 



Time. 



h. III. s. 



10 37 .53 



10 33 48 



10 42 02 



10 46 08 



Level. 
W. E. 



d. d. 

13.0 16.0 

11.8 18.0 

34.8 34.0 

-9.3 

13.8 15.3 

14.0 15.0 



37.8 30.3 

—3.5 
14.0 11.5 
13.5 12.0 



27.5 23.5 

-f4.0 
16.0 16.0 

18.2 14.0 

34.3 30.0 
+4.0 



Microme- 
ter A. 



° ' d. 
331 09 03 
255 33 34 



75 36 08 
41 09 18 



78 10 33 
113 39 14 



393 40 03 

258 09 38 



Microme- 
ter B. 



" ' d. 
41 09 13 
75 34 07 



255 34 31 

221 08 11 



358 09 09 
392 38 08 



113 40 11 
78 10 14 



Mean. 



321 09 15 
2.55 34 01 



75 35 29 
41 08 59 



78 10 03 
112 38 52 



292 40 13 
258 10 12 



Angle. 



34 24 46 



34 36 30 



34 28 50 



34 30 01 



Time by mean time watch, 34 seconds fast on one hundred and fifth meridian 
time. 
One division of striding level = 8".66; 1 division of micrometer = 2". 00. 

Level correction = — 'f | {w + w') — (e + e') i tan h; d being the value of a 

division of the level, w + iv' readings of west end of level bubble, e + e' readings 
of east end of level bubble, and h, the angular elevation of star, the foregoing for- 
mula reduces as follows: 



3".66 



X tan 47° 57' 57 " (1.11) = 1 ".01. 



QOODB.] 



AZIMUTH. 



27 



The formula for reduction of azimuth observations at any hour 

r/ SI n / 

, where a=sec (j) cot 6, b=tan ^ cot 6. 



ansie is tan A 



1 — h cos t' 



log sec (f), 47 
log cot 6, 88 
log a 



57 57=0.17421 

45 46= 8.33439 

= 8.50860 



log tan ^=0.04505 
log cot (^= 8. 33439 
log 6 =8.37944 



Watch correction =—0 34 
Longitude correction = — 44 06 



Total correction 



:-44 40 





Computa- 
tion of first 
observation. 


Computa- 
tion of sec- 
ond obser- 
vation. 


Computa- 
tion of third 
observation. 


Computa- 
tion of 
fourth ob- 
servation. 




h. VI. s. 

10 37 53 

-44 40 


h. m. s. 

10 33 48 

—44 40 


h. m. s. 

10 43 03 

44 40 


h. m. s, 

10 46 08 

44 40 




Local mean time --. 


9 43 13 

+1 36 

7 03 11 


9 49 08 

+1 37 

7 03 11 


9 57 22 

+1 38 

7 03 11 


10 01 38 

-1-1 39 

7 03 11 






16 47 59 
-1 21 51 


16 53 56 
-1 21 51 


17 02 11 
-1 21 51 


17 06 18 
—1 21 .51 




t 


15 36 08 

o ' // 

231 33 00 
9. 79383 
8.37944 


15 33 05 

' II 

233 01 15 

9. 77925 
8. 37944 


15 40 30 

o ' // 

335 05 00 
9. 75769 
8.37944 


15 44 27 

o ' // 

336 06 45 
9. 74630 
8. 37944 










8. 17337 
.01490 
1.01490 
9. 89375 
8. 50860 


8.15869 
.01441 
1.01441 
9. 90246 
8.50860 


8. 13713 
.01371 
1.01371 
9.91381 
8.50860 


8. 13574 
.01336 
1.01336 
9. 91915 
8.50860 




1 — b cos t . 


Log sin i 






8.40335 
0.00643 


8. 41106 
0. 00621 


8.42341 
0.00591 


8.43775 
0.00575 




Log tan A- -. . 


8.39593 

/ // 

181 35 33 

-34 34 46 

+9 

147 00 55 


8. 40485 

/ II 

181 37 18 

-34 36 30 

+3 

147 00 50 


8.41650 

/ 1/ 

181 39 41 

-34 38 50 

—4 

147 00 47 


8.43200 

181 30 49 

—34 30 01 

-4 

147 00 44 


Azim.utli of star 






Azimuth of mark 



The mean of twent}^ observations reduced in a similar manner = 
147° 00' 51'M5. 

Check azimuths along the random line were measured with Young 
transit No. 6838, The instrument was usually set over one stadia 
station and a mark placed on another station. Six measurements 
(three direct and three reversed) of angle between Polaris and mark 
were then made. These observations w;ere reduced at once by the 



28 



SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. [bull. no. 



method and tables giveu in the Manual of Surveying Instructions 
issued b)^ the General Land Office, 1894, pages 109-119. An example 
of record and computation follows. 

[July 19, 1898. Stadia Q ^". D. L. Reaburn, observer.] 
TELESCOPE DIRECT. 





Time. 


A. 


B. 


Mean. 


Angle. 






h. m. s. 


03 30 

1 19 00 


180 03 30 
1 18 30 


/ // 

03 30 

1 18 45 


, » 


Polaris 




9 03 40 


1 15 15 







TELESCOPE REVERSED. 





9 15 18 


180 23 00 
180 02 30 


22 30 
180 02 30 


180 22 45 
02 30 




Azimuth mark 


1 20 15 









TELESCOPE REVERSED. 







35 14 00 

36 38 30 


215 14 00 

216 38 30 


35 14 00 

36 38 30 




Polaris 


9 30 00 


1 24 30 







TELESCOPE DIRECT. 





9 33 30 


36 40 00 
35 14 00 


216 40 00 
215 14 00 


36 40 00 
35 14 00 






1 26 00 







TELESCOPE DIRECT. 







81 12 00 

82 39 00 


261 12 00 

262 39 00 


81 12 00 

82 39 00 




Polaris . ... 


9 39 45 


1 2T 00 







TELESCOPE REVERSED. 



Polaris 


9 41 45 


82 41 00 
81 12 00 


262 40 30 
261 11 30 


262 40 45 
81 11 45 






1 29 00 









[July 19, 1898. Stadia H 77. Latitude 48° 03' ; longitude 116° 03'. Watch fast 42" 36s on local time.] 

H. M. 
Upper culmination Polaris, July 15 17 43.5 

Reduction to July 18 _ -__ _-. ._. —11.8 

Upper culmination July 18, being culmination preceding time of ob- 
servation on July 19... =17 31.7 



GOODE.] 



AZIMUTH AND TRIANGULATION. 

[D. L. Reaburn, computer.] 



29 





Computa- 
tion of 
first ob- 
servation. 


Computa- 
tion of 
second ob- 
servation. 


Computa- 
tion of 
third ob- 
servation. 


Computa- 
tion of 
fourth ob- 
servation. 


Computa- 
tion of 
fifth ob- 
servation. 


Computa- 
tion of 
sixth ob- 
servation. 


Time of observation 


h. m. 
9 03.7 

-43.6 

8 31.1 

-f34 


h, in. 
9 15.3 

-43.6 

8 33.7 

+34 


h. m. 
9 30.0 

—13.6 

8 47.4 
-f34 


h. m. 
9 33.5 

^3.6 

8 50.9 

+24: 


h. m. 
9 39.7 

—43.6 

8 57.1 

+Zi 


h. m. 
9 41.7 

-43.6 




8 59.1 




-f34 


Subtract up. culmination _. 


33 31.1 
-17 31.7 


33 33.7 
17 31.7 


33 47.4 
17 31.7 


33 50.9 
17 31.7 


33 57.1 
17 31.7 


33 59.1 
17 31.7 




14 49.4 
33 56.1 


15 01.0 
33 56.1 


15 15.7 
33 56.1 


15 19.3 
33 56.1 


15 25.4 
23 56.1 


15 27.4 


Subtract from 


33 56.1 




-9 06.7 

/ // 

181 13 45 

1 15 15 

179 58 30 


8 55.1 

o / // 

181 18 30 

1 30 15 

179 58 15 


8 40.4 

o / // 

181 33 13 

1 34 30 

179 58 43 


8 36.9 

o / r/ 
181 34 16 
1 36 00 
179 58 16 


8 30,7 

/ // 

181 36 00 

1 27 00 

179 59 00 


8 38.7 


Azimuth Polaris- 


o / // 

181 37 00 




1 29 00 




179 58 00 







Mean = 179° 58' 33" showing this portion of the random line to 
deviate from the true meridian by 1' 27". 

TRIANGULATION. 

The triangulation connecting the Spokane base with the boundary 
line was done with an 8-inch micrometer theodolite, reading by two 
micrometers to two seconds and by estimation to one second. Direc- 
tions were read in sets, each set consisting of pointings with telescope 
direct and reversed from left to right and from right to left. Four 
or more of such sets were usually taken. A few secondary locations 
on or near the boundary line were made with the transit. All of the 
observations were reduced in the office by least squares. 

The following list gives descriptions, latitude, longitude, azimuths, 
and distances of the triangulation stations determined which have a 
bearing on the boundary line. 

A diagram of the triangulation is also presented. (See PI. V.) 

SPOKANE, EAST BASE. 

Station mark: A dressed stone, 7 by 7 by 36 inches, set 30 inches in 
ground, 25 feet north of north rail, and 94 feet eastward from sign 

"U. S. 
marked " Trent 1 mile." The stone is marked on top + 

E. Base." 



30 SURVEY OP IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. [bull.ito, 

[Latitude, 47° 41' 01".94. Longitude, 117" 16' (lO .81.] 



To station— 


Azimuth. 


Back azimuth. 


Log. distance. 




= , 


, 


Meters. 


Moran 


14 37 16.03 


194 35 48. 17 


3. 9939436 


West base . . 


73 33 19.07 
80 03 46.43 


353 18 45.80 
359 55 31.41 


3. 9056963 

4. 0956581 


Court-house cupola 


Little Baldy 


117 19 34.54 


397 16 30.04 


3. 7433303 


Skalan - 


388 10 38.61 


108 32 55.95 


4. 3409600 





SPOKANE, WEST BASE. 

Station mark: A dressed stone, 7 by 7 Iw 36 inches, set 30 inches in 
the ground, 25 feet of north rail and 218 feet eastward from signboard, 

"IT. S. 
" R. R. X'ng -J mile." Top of the stone is marked + 

W. Base." 

[Latitude. 47'= 39' 47 ".28. Longitude, 117° 33' 10 ".45.] 



To station— 


Azimuth. 


Back azimuth. 


Log. distance. 


Court-honse cupola. 

Tomkinson 


91 45 38.07 
137 10 ,30.83 
309 54 31.35 
353 18 45.80 
378 57 36.00 
334 00 35.75 


371 43 56.36 

317 06 36.14 

39 56 00.31 

73 33 19.07 

99 14 36.34 

144 03 41.01 


Meters. 
a. 6595819 
3. 9881446 
3. 7474331 
3. 9056963 
4. 4609400 
3. 9500715 


Little Baldy 

East base ... 

Skalan 


Moran 



COURT-HOUSE CUPOLA, SPOKANE. 

(Not occupied. ) 

This point is connected, by direct measurement, with longitude pier 
of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey of 1888 and with lat- 
itude pier of the United States Geological Survey of 1896. It is also 
connected, bj^ triangulation, with the stations of the base expansion. 
The point located is the center of the flagstaff, which is over the cen- 
ter of the cupola of the new court-house. 

Latitude, 47° 39' 51". 76. Longitude, 117° 25' 49". 21. 

MORAN, SPOKANE COUNTY. 

Location of station : On the northern end of a high, wooded ridge, 
about 8 miles southeast of Spokane, in a cleared field about 50 feet 
west of the ruins of a log cabin. A wagon road runs to the station. 



U. S. GEOUOGICAL SURVEY 



BULLETIN NO. 170 PL.V 



_ C ANADA l''7°_ BO UNDARY 

"united STATES | T LINE 



DL\GRAM OF TRIANGULATION 

FOR THE CONTROL OF THE 

IDAHO -MONTANA BOUNDARY 

1897. 

10 5 10 20 



o 



Carlton^ 



l^ittleBaldy ^ 



SPOKANE ^e^mST^ 




./ 



Chilco 



us BIEN a CO. t 



GOODE.] 



TRIANGULATION. 



31 



Station mark: a dressed stone, 8 by 8 by 36 inches, set 30 inches in 
the ground, marked "U. S. A-" 

[Latitude, 47° 35' 53". 67. Longitude, 117= 17' 59". 70.] 



To station- 


Azimuth. 


Back azimuth. 


Lojr. distance. 


Court-house cupola .. - _". 

Tomkinson .... 

Little Baldy.... 


126 55 28. 15 
140 29 39.00 
168 33 40.57 
263 25 05.73 


O ' // 

306 49 41.22 

320 22 39.05 

348 32 14.04 

83 38 50.36 


Meters. 
4. 0883682 
4. 2697837 
4. 0900766 
4. 3704936 


Skalan 



LITTLE BALDY, SPOKANE COUNTY. 

Location of station : On a small flat-topped hill 5 miles northeast 
of Spokane, and in the center of a cleared field on the highest part of 
hill. A fringe of tall pine trees extends around the hill. 

Station mark : A dressed stone, 8 by 8 by 36 inches, set 30 inches in 
the ground, marked " U. S. A-" 

[Latitude, 47° 42' 24". 16. Longitude, 117° 19' 56". 74.] 



To station- 


Azimuth. 


Back azimuth. 


Log. distance. 




o , 


o / // 


Meters. 


Court-house cupola _ . . 


57 24 18. 29 


237 19 57.66 


3. 9409363 


Tomkinson 


103 43 22. 18 


283 37 48.45 


3. 9857308 


MounfCarJton _ 


214 13 33.20 


34 23 09. 80 


4. 4590100 


Skalan 


389 58 08.50 


110 13 20.40 


4. 4378494 


East base , . 


297 16 30.04 


117 19 34.54 


3.7433303 





TOMKINSON, SPOKANE COUNTY. 

Location of station : On the southern part of a small table-land 4 
miles north of Spokane, on the highest knoll in pasture of Mr. Tom- 
kinson and one-eighth of a mile southwest of his house. 

Station mark: A dressed stone, 8 by 8 by 36 inches, set 30 inches in 
the ground, marked "U. S. A-" 

[Latitude, 47° 43' 38". 24. Longitude, 117° 27' 37".85.] 



To station — 


Azimuth. 


Back azimuth. 


Log. distance. 


Carlton 

Court-house cupola 


o / // 

329 52 16.64 
343 36 09.45 


O / II 

50 07 28. 61 
163 37 33.41 


Meters. 

4. 5339434 
3. 8637730 



32 



SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. 



[BULL. 170. 



SKALAN, KOOTENAI COUNTY, IDAHO. 

Location of station: Twentj^ miles east of Spokane, Washington, 
and 3 miles east of Washington-Idaho boundary line. The summit 
is a l)ald, rocky ridge, and can be reached by a good trail from Dr. 
Dennison's ranch, on the east side of Skalan Creek. 

Station mark: A copper bolt set in solid rock, above which is a 
cairn 5 feet in diameter at base and 5 feet in height. 

[Latitude, 47' 37' 19 ".26. Longitude, 116° 59' .23 ",15.] 



To station— 


Azimuth. 


Back azimuth. 


Log. distance. 


Moran . 


/ II 

83 38 50.36 
110 13 20.40 
164 08 34.00 
212 17 12.70 

228 45 58.75 


/ II 

263 25 05.73 

289 58 08.50 

344 02 57. 76 

32 38 06. 17 

49 06 20.29 


Meters. 
4. 3704936 
4. 4378494 
4. 5378730 
4. 8158528 
4. 6587750 


Little Baldy 


Carlton 


BlacktaiL 

Chilco - 





CAELTON, SPOKANE COUNTY, WASHINGTON. 

LocatioQ of station: About 35 miles by road and trail northeast of 
Spokane, Washington. The mountain has two summits of nearly 
equal height and about one-third of a mile apart. The station is on 
the southern summit, which is flat and bald, but has a growth of pine 
and spruce trees on its western side. There is a good trail to station 
from The Meadows. 

Station mark: A copper bolt set in solid rock, above which is a 
rock cairn 5 feet in diameter and 5 feet in height. 



[Latitude, 47° 55' 13". 71. Longitude, 117° 06' 57". 26.] 



To station- 


Azimuth. 


Back azimuth. 


Log. distance. 




/ // 


o ' II 


Meters. 


Little Baldy. -. 


34 23 09.49 


214 13 31.91 


4. 4589864 


Tomkinson. _ 


50 07 28.61 


229 52 16.64 


4. 5239434 


Blacktail •. 


243 24 10.03 
274 01 32. 58 
344 02 57.76 


63 50 44.00 

94 27 33. 97 

164 08 34.00 


4. 6954456 
4.6416575 
4. 5378730 


Chilco 


Skalan ... 



BLACKTAIL, KOOTENAI COUNTY, IDAHO. 

Location of station : On a bald point near the south end of summit, 
near the western shore of Lake Pend Oreille and east of Cocolalla, on 



GOODE.] 



TRIANGULATION. 



33 



Northern Pacific Railway. It can be easily reached by trail from 
T. Trumbull's ranch. 

Station mark : A copper bolt sunk in solid rock, above which is a 
cairn 5 feet in diameter and 5 feet in height. 

[Latitude, 48° 07' 07".09. Longitude, 116° 31' 13".03.] 



To station— 


Azimuth. 


Back azimuth. 


Log. distance. 




o ' II 


' II 


Meters. 


Chilco . 


1 53 09.56 
32 38 06. 17 


181 53 39. 78 
212 17 12.70 


4. 4029303 
4. 8158528 


Skalan - . - . . ^ - 


Carlton 


63 50 44.00 


243 24 10. 63 


4. 6954456 


Round Top 


228 10 27. 76 


48 23 33. 96 


4. 4305996 


Scotchman 


256 23 33.71 


76 42 07.01 


4. 5246835 





CHILCO, KOOTENAI COUNTY, IDAHO, 

Location of station : On the south end of grassy summit south of 
the steamboat landing on Lake Pend Oreille. It can be easily reached 
from Collins's ranch by Leiberg trail. 

Station mark: A copper bolt sunk in solid rock, above which is a 
rock cairn 5 feet in diameter at base and 5 feet in height. 

[Latitude, 47° 53' 28".75. Longitude, 116° 31' 53".09.] 



To station— 


Azimuth. 


Back azimuth. 


Log. distance. 


Skalan - 

Carlton 


' II 

49 06 20. 29 
94 27 33. 97 
181 52 39.78 
305 48 07.03 
335 10 00. 98 
357 35 15.63 


o / II 

228 45 58.75 

274 01 32. 58 

1 53 09. 56 

26 00 41.75 

45 30 01.97 

77 47 46.64 


Meters. 
4.6587752 
4. 6416575 
4.4029303 
4. 6816159 
4.6734537 
4. 5875063 


Blacktail 

Round Top 


Scotchman 


Divide 





SCOTCHMAN, KOOTENAI COUNTY, IDAHO. 

Location of station: On the southwestern of three summits, about 
a mile west of the Idaho-Montana boundary line and 6 miles north- 
east of Clark Fork, a station on the Northern Pacific Railway. It 
can be reached from Lightning Creek by an old Indian trail — a 
roundabout way, though the easiest one. 

Station mark : A copper bolt in solid rock, above which is a rock 
cairn 5 feet in diameter and 5 feet in height. 
Bull. 170 3 



34 fiURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. [bull. 170. 

[Latitude, 48' 11' 19". 36. Longitude, 116° 04' 58 '.02.] 



To station— 


Azimuth. 


Back azimuth. 


Log. distance. 


Chilco 


o / II 

45 30 01.97 

76 42 07. 01 

129 21 22.70 

350 15 33.38 


o / // 

225 10 00. 98 
256 22 33.71 
309 13 54.54 

170 18 05.87 


Meters. 
4. 6724527 
4. 5246835 
4. 2047087 
4.4001417 


Blacktail 

Round Top - 


Divide . 



ROUND TOP, KOOTENAI COUNTY, IDAHO. 

Location of station: Northeast of Hope, on tlie Sherry trail, near 
Hogeye camj), on the southern end of the summit, which extends 100 
yards north and south. 

Station mark : A copper bolt sunk in rock, above which is a rock 
cairn 5 feet in diameter and 5 feet in height. 

[Latitude, 48° 16' 47".86. Longitude, 116'^ 14' .58".88.] 



To station— 


Azimuth. 


Back azimuth. 


Log. distance. 




o , 


o / // 


Meters. 


Chilco _.. -- 


26 00 41.75 


205 48 07.02 


4.6816159 


Blacktail. - 


48 22 33. 96 


228 10 27.76 


4. 4305996 


Scotchman, 


309 13 54.54 


120 21 22. 70 


4. 2047087 


Divide _ 


334 24 02. 60 


154 34 02. 58 


4. 5855553 



DIVIDE (1). 

Location of station : On a knoll on divide of the Bitterroot Mountains 
on the boundary line between Idaho and Montana. It is not the 
highest iDoint, but it is almost cleared of timber. Station is best 
reached from Heron, Montana, by the Elk Creek trail. 

Station mark: A copper bolt sunk in solid rock, above which is a 
rock cairn 3 feet in height and 3 feet in diameter. 

[Latitude, 47° 57' 57".51. Longitude, llO"^ 01' 33 '.08.] 



To station — 


Azimuth. 


Back azimuth. 


Log. distance. 


Chilco --. 


' /' 

77 47 46.64 
154 34 02.58 
170 18 05.87 


257 25 15.62 
334 24 02.60 
350 15 33.38 


Meters. 
4.5875062 
4.58.55553 
4.4001417 


Round Top 

Scotchman 



MOOYIE TRAIL MONUMENT. 



Oil or near the lioundary line between Kootenai County, Idaho, and 
Britisli Columbia, about 32 miles northward from Bonners Ferry. 



GOODE.] 



TRIANGULATION. 



35 



Easily reached by the new Wild Horse trail, 5 miles from Round 
Meadows or Prairie. Monument is about a half mile beyond a por- 
tion of trail filled with loose rocks, and just beyond a heavy growth of 
timber and underbrush. Where the trail crosses the international 
boundary there is a large tree squared about 4 feet above the ground. 
On the south side of the tree are cut the letters "U. S.," on the north 
side the letters "B. C." Monument is west of this tree. 

Station mark : Copper bolt sunk in soil, over which is a monument 
of loose stone and a tree 20 feet in height. 

[Latitude, 49° 00' 01". 51. Longitude, 116° 14' 19".48.] 



To station- 


Azimuth. 


Back azimuth. 


Log. distance. 


Border . 


' // 

267 48 09.25 
353 09 44.78 


o / II 

87 49 12. 16 
173 10 30.25 


Meters. 
3. 22930 
4. 01339 


Hell Roaring 





BLUE, KOOTENAI COUNTY, IDAHO. 

Location of station : On southeasternmost of three summits of nearly 
equal height, 5^ miles west of Sand Point, on Great Northern Railway, 
7 miles west of Sand Point, on Northern Pacific Railway; eight hours' 
travel from Carr's ranch, on Rider Creek, passing " Old Baldy," thence 
along ridge. 

Station mark : Copper bolt in solid rock, over which is a rock cairn 
5 feet in, height. 

[Latitude, 48° 24' 01".52. Longitude, 116° 38' 55. '78.] 



To station— 


Azimuth. 


Back azimuth. 


Log. distance. 


Doust . 


/ II 

232 53 14.44 
236 01 09. 17 
299 03 30.80 
343 00 37. 10 


o 1 II 

53 12 26.21 

56 31 23.44 

119 28 52. 14 

163 06 22.39 


Meters. 
4. 5965347 
4.7758946 
4. 6825857 
4. 5152727 


Newton 

Scotchman . 


Blacktail.. . 





DOUST, KOOTENAI COUNTY, IDAHO. 

Location of station : About 7 miles southeast from Bonners Ferry. 
Best reached from Wright's ranch, in Paradise Valley. Follow trail 
leading to mineral claims of Doust & Wright to summit of Wright 
Mountain, thence along ridge over fallen timber to station; three 
hours' travel. 

Station mark: Copper bolt in solid rock, above which is a rock 
cairn 5 feet in height. 



36 SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. [bull.170. 

[Latitude, 48" 36' 50 .16. Longitade, 116° 13' 18' .15. J 



To station — 


Azimuth. 


Back azimuth. 


Log. distance. 




' // 


O ' II 


Meters. 


Blacktail. ,. /. 


21 59 49. 24 


201 46 25.83 


4. 7734417 


Blue. 


53 12 26.21 


232 53 14.44 


4. 5965347 


Hell Roaring 


179 57 47.07 


359 57 46.29 


4. 5150730 


Ewing _ . . 


206 31 13.33 


26 41 59.63 


4. 5929986 


Cross 


232 19 53.73 
242 25 12. 51 
347 40 26.39 


52 29 34.08 

62 36 15. 35 

167 46 40. 40 


4. 3000841 
4. 3089562 
4. 6847536 


Newton - . 


Scotchman 





HELL ROARING, KOOTENAI COUNTY, IDAHO. 

Location of station : On southern end of the eastern of two round 
peaks at the head of Hell Roaring Creek. From Round Prairie a 
trail runs south of Hell Roaring Creek to summit of mountain. 

Station mark: Copper bolt in solid rock, above which is a rock 
cairn -4^ feet high. 

[Latitude, 48' 54' 30'. 02. Longitude, 116° 13' 19". 18.] 



To station— 


Azimuth. 


Back azimuth. 


Log. distance. 


Mooyie Trail monument 
Border 


O ' II 

173 10 30.25 
182 36 16.26 
262 28 39.26 
322 24 20.27 
359 57 46.29 


o / // 

353 09 44.78 

2 36 33. 65 

82 39 27. 78 

142 34 02. 70 

179 57 47.07 


Meters. 
4. 01339 
4. 01348 
4.2471106 
4. 4137728 
4. 5150730 


Ewing - - - 

Cross -- 


Doust 





SCOTCHMAN (2), KOOTENAI COUNTY, IDAHO. 

A secondary station near boundary post No. 72, at summit of Cabi- 
net Mountain, occupied with transit. 

[Latitude, 48° 12' 50^^40. Longitude, 116° 03' 14''^98.] 



To station- 


Azimuth. 


Back azimuth. 


Log. distance. 


Scotchman . . 


37 07 25 
355 37 01 
357 34 30 


o ' // 

217 06 08 
175 38 16 

177 34 42 


Meters. 
3.54730 
4. 44183 
3. 87099 


Divide . 


Transit station 1 54 



QOODE.] 



TRIANGULATION. 



37 



BUCKHORN, KOOTENAI COUNTY, IDAHO. 

A secondary station near boundary post No. 23, at summit of Yak 
Mountain, occupied with transit. 

[Latitude, 48° 46' 22'''.57. Longitude, 116° 03' 16'''.03.] 



To station— 


Azimuth. 


Back azimuth. 


Log. distance. 


Doust . .- 


34 55 05. 20 
181 09 14.60 
335 15 17. 30 
196 47 42.90 
327 38 03. 50 


o / II 

214 47 32. 90 

1 09 25.90 

145 18 48.30 

16 51 04.97 

147 40 20.26 


Meters. 
4. 33338 
4. 18013 
4. 00320 
4. 25810 
3. 81428 


Transit station 949 

Newton 

E wing , - - 


Cross 



BLACKTOP, KOOTENAI COUNTY, IDAHO. 

A secondary station near boundary post No. 74. Reached from 
Clark Fork, Idaho, by trail to Homestake cabin; thence to divide 
between Blue and Mosquito creeks; then by four hours' travel (on foot) 
to station, following along slope of mountain. 

Station mark: Cross cut on solid rock, under a rock monument 3 
feet in height. 

[Latitude, 48° 11' 50". 73. Longitude, 116° 03' 49".38.] 



To station- 


Azimuth. 


Back azimuth. 


Log. distance.. 


Scotchman 

Transit station 154 


55 42 30 
349 37 03 


235 41 29 
169 37 39 


Meters. 
3. 23516 
3. 75359 



NEWTON, FLATHEAD COUNTY, MONTANA. 

Location of station : On second summit southeast of Newton Pass, 
on trail from Newton's ranch to Sylvanite. 

Station mark : Iron bolt in solid rock, above which is a rock cairn 
5 feet in heiarht. 



[Latitude, 48° 41 


' 54".51. Longitude, 115° 58' 35" 


26.] 


To station- 


Azimuth. 


Back azimuth. 


Log. distance. 


Scotchman 


7 56 25.44 

56 31 23.44 

62 36 15.35 

140 57 32.97 

178 55 40.21 


187 51 39.02 
336.01 09.17 
342 25 12. 51 
320 56 10.33 
358 55 22.48 


Meters. 
4. 7576096 
4.7758946 
4. 3089562 
3. 5525754 
4. 4087123 


Blue ., 

Doust . 


Cross 

Ewing 





38 



SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. 



[BULL. 170. 



EWING, FLATHEAD COUNTY, MONTANA. 

Location of station : In extreme northwestern corner of State, about 
35 miles northeast of Bonners Ferry, Idaho. It can be reached by 
trail to Buckhorn mines, thence along divide 4 miles to break-off, 
thence northeast down into the basin or meadows, thence ascending- 
ridge in northwest direction, thence along ridge to summit. 

Station mark : Copper bolt in loose rock, above which is cairn of 
rocks 44 feet high. 

[Latitude, 48° 55' 43".99. Longitude, 115" 58' 58 ".82.J 



To station- 


Azimuth. 


Back azimuth. 


Log. distance. 


Cross - . 

Buckhorn 


4 25 15.00 
16 51 04.97 
26 41 59.63 
65 56 28.90 
82 39 27. 78 
115 18 08.80 
358 55 22.48 


184 24 09.92 
196 47 42. 90 
206 31 13. 33 
245 53 26.30 
262 28 39.26 
295 07 37.22 
178 55 40.21 


Meter.'i. 
4. 3602056 
4. 2581050 
4. 5929986 
3. 7325500 
4.2471106 
4. 2747300 
4. 4087124 


Doust 

Transit station 949 

Hell Roaring 


Border 


Newton ... 



CROSS, FLATHEAD COUNTY, MONTANA. 

Location of station: On first summit northwest of Newton Pass, 
on trail between Sylvanite and Newton's ranch. 

Station mark: Copper bolt in loose rocks, above which is cairn of 
rocks 4^ feet high. 

[Latitude, 48° 43' 24". 24. Longitude, 116° 00' 25", 26.] 



To station— 


Azimuth. 


Back azimuth. 


Log. distance. 


Doust 


O ' // 

52 29 34. 08 
142 34 02. 70 
147 40 20. 26 
184 24 09. 92 
320 56 10.32 


O 1 II 

232 19 53.73 
322 24 20.27 
327 38 03. 50 
4 25 15.00 
140 57 32.97 


Meters. 
4. 3000841 
4. 4137728 
3. 8142800 
4. 3602056 
3. 5525754 


Hell Roaring 


Buckhorn 

Ewing 

Newton 





BORDER, IN CANADA. 

Location of station : Just north of Kootenai County, Idaho. Reached 
from the Mooyie Trail by a trail to Grierson's ranch ; thence by Indian 
trail to small lake lying to the east; thence ai-ound lake to ridge; 
thence up ridge to station. 



GOODE.J 



TRIANGULATION. 



39 



station mark: Copper bolt in solid rock, above which is a rock 
cairn 4^ feet high. 

[Latitude, 49° 00' 03". 60. Longitude, 116° 12' 56". 12.] 



To station — 


Azimuth. 


Back azimuth. 


Log. distance. 


Hell Roaring 


o ' // 

2 36 33.65 

87 49 12. 16 
295 07 37.22 


o / 

182 36 16. 26 
267 48 09.25 
115 18 08.80 


Meters. 
4.01348 
3. 22930 

4. 27473 


Mooyie 

Ewing . 



TRANSIT STATION 154. 

A secondary station near boundary post No. 78; best reached by 
trail from Clark Fork, Idaho, by way of the Homestake cabin, to Blue 
Creek; two hours' travel to cabin, one and one-half hours from cabin 
to camp on Blue Creek. The lidge leading from Blue Creek to the 
station can be ascended on the south side in one and one-half hours. 

Station mark : Copper bolt in rock, over which is a rock cairn 3 feet 
in height. 

[Latitude, 48° 08' 50". 14. Longitude, 116° 02' 59". 84.] 



To station — 


Azimuth. 


Back azimuth. 


Log. distance. 


Blacktail 


84 58 53 
152 05 45 
177 34 42 
354 53 39 


264 37 52 
332 04 17 
357 34 30 
174 54 44 


Meters. 
4. 54599 
3.71732 
3. 87099 
4. 30621 


Scotchman 


Scotchman (2) 


Divide 



TRANSIT STATION 949, NEAR IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. 

A secondary station on a large hill near boundary post No. 9, 6^ 
miles south of international boundary. 
Station mark : None. 
Reference mark: Signal tree, distant 138 feet, azimuth to which is 

308° 55'. 

[Latitude, 48° 54' 32". 59. Longitude, 116° 03' 01 ".05.] 



To station— 


Azimuth. 


Back azimuth. 


Log. distance. 


Buckhorr 

Doust 


1 09 25. 9 

21 04 23. 9 

245 53 36. 3 


181 09 14.6 

200 56 39.8 

65 56 28.9 


Meters. 
4. 18013 
4. 54598 
3. 73255 


Ewing 



40 



SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. 



DIVIDE (2). 

This triangulation station is not on the meridional portion of the 
line, but on the crest of the Bitterroot Mountains, farther south, and 
was located in connection with the survey of the Bitterroot Forest 
Reserve. 

It is on the main summit of the Bitterroot Range, on the boundary 
line between Montana and Idaho, 20 miles (air line) west of Grants- 
dale. It can be reached from the Lost Horse Pass (camp being at 
Twin Lakes) bj' following the northwest face of the mountain north- 
east from the Twin Lakes to the crossing of Moose Creek, thence up 
the creek to the Meadows. The peak lies to the northwest, about 
2,000 feet above the meadow. 

Station mark : A rock cairn 5 feet in diameter and 8 feet in length. 

[Latitude, 46° 11' 32".l. Longitude, 114° 28' 12 '.2.] 



To station— 


, Azimuth. 


Back azimuth. 


Log. distance. ! 


V7ard (2) 

El Capitan 


279 32 28 
344 06 39 


99 40 31 
164 09 53 


Meters. 
4. 16360 
4. 32652 



TRAlSrSIT AT^D STADIA WORK. 

The transit used was one manufactured by Young & Sons, of the 
type known as No. 10 mountain transit, the maker's number being 
6838. The horizontal circle was 4f inches, and this circle, as well as 
the vertical cii'cle, was graduated to read with verniers to 1'. The 
instrument was provided with a compass attachment, fixed stadia 
wires, and a tripod with extension legs. The extension legs were at 
times very necessary, as may be seen from PI. VI. Two stadia rods, 
of seasoned white pine, three-fourths inch in thickness, 12 feet in 
length, and 4 inches across the faces, were made in Spokane. The 
lower portions of the rods were tapered to a point and shod with steel. 
The design of the rod was black on a white ground. (See fig. 1.) By 
a series of tests the stadia interval was found to be in the ratio of 1 
foot on the rod to 100 feet horizontal distance, as nearly as could be 
determined, and the rods were graduated to even feet and tenths. 
The extreme divisions of the rods included 10 feet, and each tenth 
was divided into five parts, so that hundredths could be easily read 
by estimation. No numbers were placed on the rods. In practice 
the rods were held verticallj^ proper corrections being applied for 
reducing all sights to the horizontal. 

There was no expectation of obtaining exact independent results for 
distances measured with the transit and stadia upon the basis of the 
stadia wires in the transit being set in the ratio of 1 to 100 and the 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



BULLETIN NO. 170 PL. VI 




TRANSIT STATION ON RANDOM LINS 



GOODE.] 



TRANSIT AND STADIA WORK. 



41 



rods being divided so as to read to hundredths. In point of fact, 
probably neither of these conditions existed, even when the instrument 
was fresh from the hands of the maker and when the rods were newly- 
graduated at Spokane, and much less likely is it that they existed 
when the instrument was subject to rough field usage and the rods 
were used under entirely different and variable circumstances. It 
was believed, however, that they could be relied upon in determining 
intermediate distances between points the exact distances between 
which were known, and so long as the ratio between the wire interval 
and the graduated portions of the rods remained 
nearly constant the purpose intended to be sub- 
served would be accomplished. Thus, when a line 
was run with the stadia between two points whose 
positions were rigidly fixed by triangulation and the 
resulting error was proportionately distributed, suffi- 
ciently accurate results were obtained, much more 
nearly accurate than could have been obtained by 
chaining, especially after certain corrections had 
been applied. 

The method used in running the random line was 
as follows: 

The line started from an astronomic azimuth, the 
initial point being on a high ridge and marked with 
a large signal. This signal was, when possible, used 
as a backsight, the instrument being transited in the 
direct and reversed position and the mean of the two 
points determined for the foresight being adopted. 
Of course in a timbered country it was generally 
not possible to see the backsights for any great 
distance, but whenever a ridge was crossed the 
trees were cut out (see Pis. IX and X) and a new 
backsight was established. In addition, frequent 
observations for astronomical azimuth were made, 
and thus additional checks were obtained. If any 
considerable discrepancy was discovered between 
the astronomical azimuth and the instrumental line, 
the latter was rerun in order to obtain a satisfactory 
check. Further, the line was connected with the triangulation and 
accurately adjusted thereto in azimuth as well as in distance. When 
the line was adjusted to the triangulation it was apparent that the 
transit man had introduced into his work a decided personal equation, 
which had the effect of constantly swinging his line in azimuth too far 
to the westward, as will appear hereafter. The stadia distances were 
read from both backsights and foresights, so that the length of each 
sight was obtained in duplicate, one distance depending on rod No. 1 
and the other on rod "No. 2, the mean being adopted. In the same 



Fig. 1.— Design for 
stadia rod. 



42 SURVEY OP IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. [bullito. 

way vertical angles were checked by reading backsights and fore- 
sights; and thus levels were carried over the whole line. The height 
of the instrument above the ground station was deterjnined at each 
point, and a corresponding height was sighted on the stadia rods. This 
height was obtained by having one of the legs of the tripod marked 
to tenths of a foot and bj^ using the plumb bob as a measuring line. 

The magnetic declination was read at each transit station. 

The stadia line was divided into four sections : 

First section. This section extended from the zero of the random 
line, namely, the summit of the Bitterroot Mountains, to transit sta- 
tion 154, and was controlled by connection with the triangulation 
system at both terminal points. At the summit of the Bitterroot 
Mountains it was connected by traverse with the triangulation sta- 
tion Divide, and transit station 154 was located directly by triangu- 
lation. The distance determined by stadia was 62,071 feet, and by 
triangulation 62,276 feet, the discrepancy being 205 feet, or 1 in 304. 
The azimuth correction in this section was found to be 0° 0' 33", cor- 
responding to a swing of 10 feet to the east in the random line at 
station 154 in order to make it a true meridian line. 

Second section. This section was included between stations 154 and 
800. Station 800 was connected by a short traverse with the triangu- 
lation station Buckhorn. The distances determined by stadia and 
triangulation were, respectively, 228,014 and 228,734 feet, the dif- 
ference being 720 feet, or 1 in 318. The azimuth swing at station 
800 was 71 feet to the east, corresponding to an angular correction of 
0° 01' 04". 

Third section. This section was between stations 800 and 949. Sta- 
tion 949 was located directly by triangulation. The distance by stadia 
was 49, 132 feet and by triangulation 49, 190 feet, the difference being 58 
feet, or 1 in 848. The swing in azimuth at station 949 amounted to 12.5 
feet to the east, corresponding to an angular correction of 0° 0' 52". 4. 

The positions of transit stations 0, 154, 800, 949, and 1046 corre- 
siDond approximately to those of monuments 92, 78, 23, 8, and 0, 
respectively. 

Fourth section. This section closed on the international boundary, 
and it was unfortunate that a location by triangulation could not be 
obtained near its terminus, but the nature of the country rendered 
such a location impracticable, there being no elevated points near bj^ 
and the timber being very tall and dense. It was therefore checked 
by careful steel-tape measurements, the tape being held horizontally 
under a constant tension of about 15 pounds, a plumb bob being used 
at each end. This section extended between station 949 and a point 
45 feet north of station 1046. The distance by stadia was 33,103 feet 
and by steel-tape measurement 33,219 feet, the discrepancy being 116 
feet, or 1 in 286. 

It is proper to add that there are two small corrections which should 



GOODE.] 



TRANSIT AND STADIA WORK. 



43 



have been applied to the distance obtained and used on this section, 
one being that for reduction to sea level, amounting to —8 feet, 
and the other that for reduction on account of tape, which, after com- 
parison with the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey standard, 
was found to be +12 feet. Thus, theoretically, the monument was 
placed 4 feet too far north, but the error, compared with that which 
might result from unavoidable station error, is so small that it may 
be considered as negligible. 

It might be well to explain what is meant by "station error." It is 
the error which is more or less inherent in all astronomic determina- 
tions, being caused by the deviation of the plumb bob, on account of 
varying local attractions, from the true vertical. Its existence may 
be detected by direct measurements between two astronomic stations. 
Assuming an astronomic location to be made at ^, a connection by 
triangulation with another station, B, and the position of B thus 
deduced from that of A, then if the astronomic position of B is deter- 
mined, the discrepancy between the astronomic position and the posi- 
tion determi;ied by triangulation from A represents the combined 
station error. Efforts have been made to deduce a law, based on the 
contour and density of adjacent land forms, which shall define the 
amount of attraction affecting the plumb bob which might be expected 
in any particular case, but nothing satisfactory has been accom- 
plished, owing principally to the fact that it is impossible to give an 
accurate value to the various components which constitute the mass 
of any given section of the earth's crust. 

The following table gives the results obtained directly from the 
stadia, and which were used in reducing the random line to the true 
line, both in distance and in azimuth. These figures do not, however, 
represent the degree of precision obtained by the stadia in measuring 
the distances, as they are unaffected by any corrections. 

Table showing discrepancy between computed and measured distances, also discrep- 
ancy in azimuth. 



Sec- 
tion. 


Sta- 
tions. 


Com- 
puted 
distance. 


Stadia 
distance. 


Latitu- 
dinal dis- 
crep- 
ancy. 


Discrep- 
ancy. 


Longitu- 
dinal 
discrep- 
ancy, 
random 
line west 
of true 
line. 


Discrep- 
ancy. 


Mean an 

gular 
error in 
azimuth. 






Feet. 


Feet. 


Feet. 




Feet. 






1 


0-154 


63,276 


63,071 


205 


1 in 304 


10 


1 in 6,238 


033 


3 


154-«00 


338,734 


338,014 


730 


1 in 318 


71 


1 in 3, 323 


0104 


3 


800-949 


49,190 


49,133 


58 


1 in 848 


13.5 


1 in 3, 937 


53 



The distances measured by the stadia should be corrected before any 
satisfactory comparison can be made with the computed distances for 
the purpose of testing the accuracy of the stadia work. 

Two conditions will be considered. The first is based upon the 



44 



SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. [mi.L.m. 



supposition that the rods were graduated arbitrarily into regular 
divisions, which were sufficiently small to admit of reading distances 
approximately to a foot, and that the stadia wires were set at some 
fixed interval. The fact that the rods were actually graduated so as 
to be read, as nearly as might be, to feet, tenths, and liundredths, 
and that the wire interval was approximate in the ratio of 1 to 100, 
does not enter at all into the theory of this condition. In fact the 
rod might be graduated in any systematic manner and the wires 
placed at any fixed interval without affecting the results after the 
proper corrections had been applied. An analogous case would be 
one in which certain distances were measured with a chain or tape the 
exact length of which was not known at the time the measurement 
was made but which was afterwards determined and the correction 
applied. The tape might prove to be 99 feet in length, but this would 
not affect the ultimate results after proper allowance had been 
made. The fourth section of the boundary line furnished a means 
by which the relation between the distances determined by the stadia 
and careful measurements with a steel tape, in other words, the stadia 
factor, might be ascertained. 

Table of comparisons of stadia and steel-tape measurements from transit station 
949 (post 8) to the international boundary (post 0), section 4- 



Location. 


steel tape. 


stadia. 


Difference. 


Discrepancy. 


Station 949 


Feet 


4,618.6 

8,606 
13,760.5 
18,148.3 
23, 596. 2 
27, 153 
31,106 
33, 219 


Feet. 


4,601.5 

8,572 
13, 698 
18,077 
23, 512 
27, 062. 5 
31,000 
33, 103 


Feet. 

17.1 
34 

62.5 
71.3 
84.2 
90.5 

106 

116 


1 in 270 
1 in 253 
1 in 220 
1 in 254 
1 in 280 
1 in 300 
1 in 293 
1 in 286 


Post 7 


Post 6 


Post5 


Post4 

Post3 


Post 2 


Postl 


PostO 



An inspection of the foregoing table will develop the fact that the 
ratio existing between the results from the steel-taije and the stadia 
measurements is fairly constant. The steel-tape measurements were 
carefully made with a 100-foot steel tape, under conditions approxi- 
mating those under which the other portions of the line were meas- 
ured independently by the stadia, except that the surface was probably 
not so broken and the change of elevation not so great, thus favoring 
the accuracy of the tape measurement. The steel tape was after- 
wards compared with the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey 
standard, and the values in the table are affected by a small correc- 



GOODE.] 



TRANSIT AND STADIA "WORK. 



45 



tion necessary to reduce them to the standard. Thus the comparison 
may be considered as determining the stadia factor, or the amount by 
which each stadia distance should be corrected in order to reduce it 
to a true measurement. 

It appears from the table that in a distance of- 33,219 feet the stadia 
measurement was 33,103 feet, or a difference of 116 feet, which cor- 
responds to 1 in 286 ; this correction to be added to the stadia results. 

It might be argued that it would be preferable to obtain the stadia 
factor by direct comparison with the computed lengths of the lines in 
sections 1, 2, and 3; and so it would if the rods were to be used for 
other purposes, but for the present purpose, which is to make a com- 
parison between the computed distances and the direct stadia meas- 
urements, the other method is adopted. 

Table showing discrepancies between stadia distances corrected for stadia factor 

and computed distances. 



Section. 


stations. 


Stadia dis- 
tance 
reduced to 
mean 

sea level. 


Correc- 
tion for 

stadia 
factor, 1 

in 286. 


Corrected 

stadia 
distance. 


Computed 
distance. 


Discrep- 
ancy; add 
to stadia 
distance. 


Discrepancy. 


1 

2 

3 


0-154 
154-800 
800-949 


Feet. 

62,061 

227,967 

49, 119 


Feet. 

+217 
+797 
+172 


Feet. 

62,278 

228, 764 

49,291 


Feet. 

62, 276 

228, 734 

49, 190 


Feet. 

— 2 

— 30 
—101 


1 in 31, 139 

1 in 7, 625 
1 in 488 



A combination of the figures in the foregoing table indicates that 
in a total distance of 340,200 feet, or about 65 miles, there was an 
apparent error of 133 feet, or 1 in about 2,565. It would not, of course, 
be proper to claim any such accuracy for the stadia work, and in 
fact the figures themselves do not justify such a claim, as the range 
between them is too great to admit of any general deduction from the 
three combined results. For the purposes of this discussion it would 
have been better if the line could have been divided into more numer- 
ous sections and if more than one comparison for the determination 
of the stadia factor could have been made. 

A second condition is represented by the supposition that the rods 
were originally accurately subdivided so as to read to feet, tenths, 
and hundredths and that the stadia wires were at a fixed interval of 
1 to 100. A correction inherent to this condition, from the theory of 
stadia measurement, is that of / 4- c, / corresponding to the distance 
from the plane of the cross wires to the objective, and c being the 
distance from the center of the instrument to the objective. In order 
to obtain a correct distance the measurement should, then, be from a 
point which is / -f- c, or, in the instrument used, 0. 95 feet, ahead of 
the center of the transit. In other words, this amount should be 
added to the distance obtained at each transit station. 



46 



SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE, [bull. 170. 



Table shoiring discrepancies between stadia distances affected by ^'f+c" correction 

and computed distances. 



Sec- 
tion. 

1... 
2... 
3..- 
4... 


Stations. 

/ 


Stadia dis- 
tance re- 
duced to 
mean sea 
level. 


Correc- 
tion for 
f+c. 


Corrected 
distance. 


Computed 
distance. 


Discrep- 
ancy add 
to stadia 
distance. 


Discrepancy. 


0- 154 
154- 800 
800- 949 
949-1,046 


Feet. 
62,061 
227, 967 
49, 119 
33, 058 


Feet. 
+ 146 
+614 
+ 142 
+ 92 


Feet. 
62, 207 
228, 581 
49,261 
33, 150 


Feet. 
62, 276 
228, 734 
49, 190 
33, 174 


Feet. 
+ 69 

+153 
- 71 
+ 24 


1 in 903 
1 in 1,495 
1 in 693 
1 in 1,381 



The mean discrepancy for the whole distance is 175 feet, or 1 in 
2,133. This, it will be observed, approximates that obtained after 
application of the stadia-factor correction. 

The results from the application of the /+ c correction serve to 
indicate that the rod was graduated approximately correctly, as in- 
tended, and the stadia wires were fixed so as to read distances on the 
rod approximately in the proportion of 1 to 100. As the stadia-factor 
correction was systematic, the results obtained for distances along 
the boundary line bj'^ a direct adjustment of the original stadia dis- 
tances to fit the triangulation exactly correspond to those which would 
have been obtained if the stadia-factor correction had been first applied 
and the remaining discrepancy afterwards adjusted to the triangula- 
tion. 

The only check obtained with reference to vertical distances or 
measurements of height is that furnished hy the portion of the line 
between the Northern Pacific and Great Northern railroads. Along 
the former road is a line of precise levels run by the United States 
Geological Survey from a mean sea-level connection at Tacoma, Wash- 
ington. The stadia line was connected with a bench mark of the pre- 
cise levels, and this bench mark is the datum upon which the elevation 
of the stadia line is based. The profile of the Great Northern Railway 
adjusted to the United States Geological Survey precise levels fur- 
nished an elevation at Leonia to which the stadia line was joined. 
The resulting discrepancy was 73 feet, which is greater than might 
reasonably be expected, but it is possible that some of the error may 
be in the railroad profile. 

The details relating to the profile of the boundary line between 
these two railroads are as follows: Sum of horizontal components, 
201,188 feet; sum of vertical components, 42,700 feet; discrepancy 
in closure, 73 feet; discrepancy referred to horizontal components 
equals 1 in 2,756; discrepancy referred to vertical components equals 
1 in 585. 

Extensive and careful experiments with the stadia were made by the 




■wmnMHSi 





GooDE.] MONUMENTS. 47 

Boundary Commission engaged in the survey and re-marking of the 
boundary between the United States and Mexico west of the Rio 
Grande ; and as the conclusions reached so nearly correspond to those 
arrived at in connection with the Idaho-Montana line, the following 
quotations are made : 

The method by stadia is cheap and rapid; requires less cutting than that by chain; 
is carried on under the eye of an instrument man, presumably of a high order of 
intelligence; gives heights and angles, and enables objects to be located from the 
line which is being measured; is ordinarily more accurate than the chain, and 
can be successfully used where the chain can not be, experience on this survey 
having shown that the stadia lines over mountains, hills, and canyons were more 
accurate than those on level plains and wide valleys. * * * 

In view of this proof of the inevitable change in the value of the interval, the 
common practice of painting a rod to correspond with the stadia interval of a cer- 
tain hour and day and then continuing the use of such rod unchecked and 
unchanged during the widely different seasons of this country oftentimes — in 
fact, for many years at a time — is seen to be inviting the large systematic error 
which almost without exception characterizes such work. If this evidence be 
taken to prove the fact that even so-called fixed stadia wires actually change their 
relative positions, or, what amounts to the same thing, appear to change on account 
of the influence of differential refraction at different seasons, then the present 
method of painting the rod to correspond with the determined interval is objec- 
tionable because of the cost of regraduating and repainting the rod to correspond 
to such change in interval. A method entirely free from this objection of cost, 
and one which the writer has found to stand every test during several years of 
field use. is that which uses rods divided into true units of feet, yards, or meters 
and employs an interval factor in the computation of distances. With this system 
a change in the interval simply means the loss of an hour's time in the preparation 
of a new table for reduced or true distances corresponding to any rod reading. 

MOISTJMENTS. 

The monuments used along the meridional portion of the line are 
of two kinds — stone and iron. The stone monuments are of granite, 
6 feet in length and 10 inches square, undressed except for spaces 
sufficient to permit cutting the words "Idaho" and "Montana," on 
opposite sides. These monuments are placed in the more prominent 
localities, and are monolithic in all cases where it was possible to 
transport them in one mass to the proper position; otherwise they 
were cut into ten sections, so that they could be carried on pack 
mules, and were bolted and cemented together when established in 
place. The monuments at the international boundary and at the 
summit of the Bitterroot Mountains, these being the terminal points 
of the meridional portion of the line, are of stone made from sections, 
as described, and monoliths are placed near the points at which the 
boundary line crosses the ISTorthern Pacific and Great Northern rail- 
ways. (See PL VII.) The iron monuments are hollow posts of 
wrought iron, 6 feet in length and'^about 4 inches in outer diameter, 
covered with a coat of asphaltum tar. At the bottom they are flared 



48 SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOL^NDARV LINE. [bull. no. 

to a width of 12 inches, to insure more secure planting. These 
posts are set to a depth of 3 feet below the surface of the ground, 3 
feet remaining above ground, and a conical mound of earth being 
raised around them to a height of 2 feet. On the tops of the posts 
are riveted bronze caps, on Avhich is cut appropriate lettering, and 
the number of the monument and the distance (in miles) from the 
international boundary are stamped in lai-^e figures. (See PI. VIII.) 
In addition to the four stone monuments referred to, eighty-nine iron 
monuments were placed. The sites for the monuments were chosen 
with reference to the topographic features of the countrj^ instead of 
being placed at even miles, as has usually been the custom on bound- 
ary lines, but there are few intervals greater than a mile between the 
monuments, the average interval being about three-fourths of a mile. 
They were placed generally on summits, or near streams, roads, or 
trails, and so as to be intervisible when possible. Between the monu- 
ments the line is thoroughly cut out, and adjacent trees are blazed, so 
that it can be readily recognized in any locality. 

The stone monuments were quarried at Medical Lake, Washington, 
and cost $14.50 apiece delivered at the railroad station nearest the 
point at which they were established. The iron posts were made in 
St. Louis, and cost $2.08^ delivered to the United States quartermaster 
at St. Louis. 

Previous to the work herein referred to no attempt had ever been 
made to locate and mark the Idaho-Montana boundarj^ line, but the 
engineers of the Northern Pacific and Great Northern railways had 
estimated the points at which it crossed their tracks and established 
marks according to this estimation. , The accepted crossing on the 
Northern Pacific was found to be about one-fourth of a mile west of the 
true line and that of the Great Northern about 1 mile east of the true 
line along the railway track, but only about a half mile east thereof in 
direct longitude. Kootenai County, Idaho, spent a considerable sum 
of money in grading a road up the mountain from Leonia toward 
Sylvanite, which, when the boundary line was located soon after, was 
found to be in Flathead Countj^, Montana. 

Each monument is witnessed by pits and mounds wherever practi- 
cable, the pits being dug across the line distant 4 feet north and south 
of the post, and the mounds being 4 feet east and west thereof. The 
dimensions of the pits are 3 by 2 by 1^ feet, and the mounds were 
constructed from the excavated material. The monuments are fur- 
ther witnessed, usually \iy four blazed bearing trees, one in each quad- 
rant. The two trees in Idaho at post 48, for instance, were deeply 
engraved "Idaho P. 48 B. T.," and the two trees in Montana were 
marked in a corresponding manner. (See PI. IX. ) Under each monu- 
ment was placed about a quart of charcoal. In the notes the distance 
and bearing to the witness trees w^re marked and the trees described. 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



ULLETIN NO. 170 PL. VIM 




DESIGN FOR IRON POST. 



GooDE.] , MONUMENTS. 49 

Complete copies of these notes can be found in the offices of the Geo- 
logical Survey and the General Land Office in Washington and of the 
surveyors-general in Idaho and Montana. 

A general description of the monuments is given below. The fig- 
ures followed by the letter " M " indicate the distance in miles and 
hundredths of a mile from the initial monument. 

Initial monument : Stone masonry monument, 6 feet long, 10 by 10 
inches square, consisting of ten sections cemented and bolted together. 
An aluminum bench-mark tablet is set with cement in the top of the 
monument stamped "1899, Elev. 4500." The monument stands amid 
tall, dense timber on west slope of ridge, about a half mile east of 
creek. 

1. Iron post, stamped "0.40 M.," on west slope of ridge, amid tall, 
dense timber. ' 

2. Iron post, stamped " 1.15 M.," on west slope of ridge, amid tall, 
dense timber. 

3. Iron post, stamped "1.82 M.," on west slope of ridge, amid tall, 
dense timber. 

4. Iron post, stamped "2.85 M.," on top of a ridge making out from 
the west slope of the main ridge, amid tall, dense timber. 

5. Iron post, stamped "3.68 M.," between two branches, 30 feet 
apart, of a small creek flowing west, about a half mile east of the 
junction of said creek with a creek flowing north, amid dense timber. 

6. Iron post, stamped "4.66 M.," 30 feet south of a creek flowing 
west and about one-fourth mile east of the junction of said creek with 
a creek flowing north, amid dense timber. 

7. Iron post, stamped "5.415 M.," amid dense timber, 300 feet south 
of a small creek flowing west, and about one-fourth mile east of creek 
flowing northwest. 

8. Iron post, stamped "6.295 M.," 2.5 miles north of the Buckhorn 
mine, on bare grassy ridge, 100 feet east of edge of green timber. A 
lone fir tree stands 200 feet east of the post. 

9. Iron post, stamped "6.825 M.," If miles north of the Buckhorn 
mine, amid heavy fir timber, on west slope of high timbered ridge. 

10. Iron post, stamped "7.53 M.," 1 mile north of the Buckhorn mine, 
on top of ridge, amid fir timber. 

11. Iron post, stamped "8.21 M.," in north end of basin, at south 
edge of green timber, 100 feet east of foot of slope. 

12. Iron post, stamped "8.61 M.," on top of bare ridge, a half mile 
east of the Buckhorn cabins. 

13. Iron post, stamped "9.03 M." (post should have been stamped 
" 9.00 M."), on top of bare rocky ridge, a half mile south of the Buck- 
horn mines, about 600 feet southeast from the highest point on the 
ridge. 

14. Iron post, stamped "9.505 M." (post should have been stamped 
Bull. 170 4 



50 SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. [bli.l.17o. 

"9.47 M."), on soutli edge, cibout halfway between the top of ridge 
and eiuek, on a small secondary ridge bearing S. 60° W., amid scat- 
tering fir timber, just north of an open space. 

15. Iron post, stami^ed "10.16 M.," amid dense timber, on south 
bank of a creek flowing west, about 330 feet north of another creek 
flowing in same direction. 

16. Iron post, stamped "11.005 M.," amid heavy timber, on top of 
a ridge on main west slope. 

17. Iron post, stamped "11.49 M.," amid dense timber, on top of 
high ridge bearing west. 

18. Iron post, stamped "12.12 M.," on top of a heavily timbered 
ridge south of creek in deep ravine, and a half mile east of creek 
flowing northwest. 

19. Iron post, stamped "12.915 M.," 20 feet north of creek flowing 
northwest, about 1 mile north of Windy Pass? trail. 

20. Iron post, stamped " 13.70 M.," on top of timbered ridge, 30 feet 
south of Windj^ Pass trail, three-fourths of a mile north of Skin Creek. 

21. Iron i30st, stamped "14.40 M.," on top of north bank, 100 feet 
distant from Skin Creek, amid heavj^ timber. 

22. Iron post, stamped "14.86 M.," 1^ miles north of summit of Yak 
Mountain, a half mile south of Skin Creek, on top of heavily timbered 
ridge bearing northeast. 

23. Iron post, stamped "15.62 M.," a half mile north of summit of 
Yak Mountain, on rocky ridge one-fifth of a mile northeast from Buck- 
horn triangulation station, amid scattering fir timber. 

24. Iron post, stamped "16.215 M.," 10^ miles north of Leonia, on 
summit of Yak Mountain, 30 feet east of the highest point of the 
right-hand peak of three which are on the northwest end of the range 
as seen from the vicinity of Leonia. A signal tree stands 32 feet south 
and 2 feet east of the post. This post is visible from the whole sur- 
rounding country. 

25. Iron post, stamped "16.81 M.," 9f miles north of Leonia, amid 
heavy timber, on slope of Yak Mountain, 0.6 mile south of the summit. 

26. Iron post, stamj)ed "17.50 M.," 9.1 miles north of Leonia, on 
top of a heavil}^ timbered east-west ridge, on slope of Yak Mountain. 

27. Iron post, stamped "18.05 M.," 8^ miles north of Leonia, one- 
fourth of a mile north of Curly Creek, on the south edge of a bench, 
at southern edge of thick growth of small j)ines. 

28. Iron post, stamped "19.06 M.," 7| miles north of Leonia, 1 mile 
north of Kinzie's ranch, at foot of mountain 2 miles west of Cross 
triangulation station, one-fifth of a jnile north of Kingsley Creek, 
amid heavy timber. 

29.^ Iron jjost, stamped "19.79 M.," 6| miles north of Leonia, amid 
heavy timber, 300 feet north of edge of meadow at Kinzie's ranch and 
10 feet north of trail leading northwest from that ranch. 

30. Iron post, stamped "20.40 M.," 6.1 miles north of Leonia, one- 



GooDE.] MONUMENTS. 51 

fourth of a mile north of Newton's house, at north end of meadow, 
where a large spring comes out, 10 feet south of wagon road, 200 feet 
west of foot of hill. 

31. Iron post, stamped "21.22 M.," 5.4 miles north of Leonia, a half 
mile south of Newton's house, at southeast corner of large meadow, 
at west edge of timber, and 75 feet east of Curly Creek. 

32. Iron post, stamped " 21.73 M.," 4.9 miles north of Leonia, about' 
1 mile north of Lang's ranch, 500 feet south of Curly Creek, and 10 
feet north of wagon road. 

33. Iron post, stamped "22.23 M.," 4.4 miles north of Leonia, 0.8 
mile north of where the line crosses a valley just west of Lang's ranch, 
amid heavy timber on side hill, about midway between valley on the 
west and top of hill on the east. 

34. Iron post, stamped "23.12 M.," 3.5 miles north of Leonia, 0.2 
mile south of where the boundary line crosses Curly Creek, amid 
heavy timber on west slope, about 600 feet east of Curly Creek. 

35. Iron post, stamped "24.10 M.," 2.5 miles north of Leonia, on 
top of a ridge bearing N. 30° E., where the line ascends from Curly 
Creek bottom, amid dense timber. 

36. Iron post, stamped "24,965 M.," 1,7 miles north of Leonia, on 
high ground, 0.2 mile north of Lime Creek. 

37. Iron post, stamped "25.79 M.," 0.9 mile north of Leonia, 10 feet 
south of wagon road, amid heavy timber. 

38. Iron post, stamped "26.14 M.," a half mile north of Leonia, on 
top of east bank of Kootenai River, 180 feet above surface of water. 

39. Stone monument, 6 feet by 10 inches by 10 inches, with an alu- 
minum bench-mark tablet, stamped "26.64 M.," cemented in its top, 
located at Leonia, near foot of hill west of Great Northern Railway 
monument ; bears S, 5° W. , 584 feet distant from depoli chimney, (See 
PI, XI, A.) 

40. Iron post, stamped "27.45 M.," 0.9 mile south of Leonia, at 
north edge of large timber and at south edge of brush, on steep east 
slope. 

41. Iron post, stamped "28.215 M.," 1.6 miles south of Leonia, on 
flat amid heavy timber and dense underbrush, a half mile southwest 
of the Keeler cabins. 

42. Iron post, stamped "29.115 M.," 2.5 miles south of Leonia, 0.3 
mile south of a creek flowing east and 0.4 mile north of a creek flow- 
ing southeast into Star Creek, on top of a ridge bearing S. 45° E., 
amid thick small pines. (See PL X.) 

43. Iron post, stamped "30.03 M.," 3.4 miles south of Leonia, on top 
of south bank of deep ravine, one-fifth of a mile west of where it joins 
a creek flowing southeast; amid heavy timber. 

44. Iron post, stamped "31.03 M.," 4.4 miles south of Leonia, 1 mile 
north of Star Creek, amid heavy timber, on small ridge 200 feet north 
of small stream flowing east. 



52 SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. [bull. 170. 

45. Iron post, stamped "32.17 M.," 5.5 miles south of Leonia, 200 
feet south of Star Creek, a half mile below the mouth of a creek which 
empties into Star Creek from the southwest, about 600 feet above 
the mouth of a ravine which enters Star Creek from the southeast, 
and about 50 feet higher than the bed of creek ; amid large timber. 

46. Iron post, stamped "33.01 M.," 6.4 miles south of Leonia, 0.9 
mile south of Star Creek, amid large scattering pine trees and dense 
small pines, on top of an east-west ridge about midway between Star 
Creek on the west and the top of high ridge on the east. 

47. Iron post, stamped "33.74 M.," 7.2 miles south of Leonia, on 
steep slope draining west into Star Creek, 150 feet north of a small 
stream bearing N. 45° E., amid dead and scattering live timber. 

48. Iron post, stamped "34.755 M.," 8.2 miles south of Leonia, on 
top of high timbered ridge, bearing SW.-NE., which forms the 
divide between Star and Callahan creeks. A line 20 feet in width 
was cut in the timber and can be seen from the summit of Yak 
Mountain and intermediate points to the north and from the summit 
of the Cabinet Mountains and intermediate points to the south. (See 
PI. IX.) 

49. Iron post, stamped "35.37 M.," 3.4 miles north of west fork of 
Callahan Creek, on top of a heavily timbered ridge bearing east-west, 
about a half mile east of the junction of said ridge with the main 
ridge, the point of junction being the highest point on the main ridge. 

50. Iron post, stamped "36.31 M.," 2.5 miles north of the west fork 
of Callahan Creek, on top of a timbered ridge bearing NW.-SE., 
about 1,000 feet northwest of a trapper's cabin, in saddle on said 
ridge. 

51. Iron post, stamped " 36.86 M.," 2 miles north of the west fork of 
Callahan Creek,* on west point of ridge, amid dead and scattering live 
trees about one-fourth of a mile west of top of high ridge bearing 
east. 

52. Iron post, stamped " 37.52 M.," 1.3 miles north of the west fork 
of Callahan Creek, on top of a bare ridge bearing southeast, about 
halfway between the top of the ridge on the west and a deep ravine 
on the east. 

53. Iron post, stamped "38.57 M.," 0.25 mile north of the west fork 
of Callahan Creek, one-fourth of a mile west of a deep ravine from 
the north, on point of ridge bearing southeast, amid scattering trees 
and brush. 

54. Iron post, stamped "39.59 M.," on top of high timbered ridge 
between the west and main forks of Callahan Creek. 

55. Iron post, stamped "40.51 M.," in Callahan Creek bottom, 50 
feet west of bank of creek and just east of the old Lightning Creek 
trail, amid large, dense timber. 

56. Iron post, stamped "41.51 M.," 1 mile south of Callahan Creek 
on high, flat ridge bearing nearly east-west, amid tall timber. 



QOODE.] MONUMENTS. 53 

57. Iron post, stamped "42.35 M.," 1.8 miles south'of Callahan 
Creek on top of timbered ridge bearing NE.-SW. 

58. Iron post, stamped "43.50 M.," on top of liigh-timbered ridge 
wMch forms the divide between Callahan and Keeler creeks, near the 
head of the east fork of Callahan Creek. 

59. Iron post, stamped "44.16 M.," on point of ridge between and 
about 300 feet west from the junction of two gulches which form the 
north branch of Keeler Creek, amid dense timber. 

60. Iron post, stamped "44.72 M.," on top of heavily-timbered ridge 
bearing S. 60° E., betAveen two forks of Keeler Creek. 

61. Iron post, stamped "45.10 M.," in deep canyon, 50 feet south 
of the west fork of Keeler Creek, amid heavy timber. 

62. Iron post, stamped "46.01 M.," on top of high east-west tim- 
bered ridge between two west forks of Keeler Creek. 

63. Iron post, stamped "46.68 M.," amid heavy timber on top of 
bench 600 feet north and about 100 feet above the west fork of Keeler 
Creek, about a half mile west of the junction of the west fork with 
the main branch of that creek. 

64. Iron post, stamped "47.78 M.," 150 feet north and 40 feet above 
Keeler Creek, which bears N. 30° E., nearly opposite the mouth of a 
canyon in the cliffs on east side of creek, at the east edge of timber. 

65. Iron post, stamped "48.67 M.," 2.35 miles north of the east fork 
of Lightning Creek, on top of the east-west rocky ridge which forms 
the divide between Keeler and Lightning creeks, about 400 feet west 
of a saddle and 100 feet east of a hump on the ridge. 

66. Iron post, stamped "49.54 M.," 1.5 miles north of the east fork 
of Lightning Creek, on top of a grassy east-west ridge, about 600 feet 
east of a peak where the ridge joins a north-south ridge, amid scat- 
tering fir trees. 

67. Iron post, stamped "50.09 M.," 0.9 mile north of the east fork 
of Lightning Creek, at the top of slope, in top of rocks on southeast 
end of a ridge. 

68. Iron post, stamped "50.99 M.," on bench 435 feet north of the 
east fork of Lightning Creek and about 200 feet higher than the 
creek, amid heavy timber nearly opposite the mouth of a ravine on 
south side of creek. 

69. Iron post, stamped "51.85 M,," on top of high rocky ridge 
between two east forks of Lightning Creek, in top of rock ledge. 

70. Iron post, stamped "52.725 M.," 10 feet south of the east fork 
of Lightning Creek, amid large timber. 

71. Iron post, stamped "53.24 M.," a half mile south of the east 
fork of Lightning Creek, 1 mile north of summit of Cabinet Moun- 
tains, on top of ridge bearing N. 15° E., amid scattering pine and fir 
trees. 

72. Iron post, stamped "54.22 M.," on summit of Cabinet Moun- 
tains, between the head waters of East Lightning and West Blue 



54 SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. [bcll.170. 

creeks, about 1,000 feet northeast from a peak, at west edge of small 
fir trees arid grass, where rocks begin in ascending the peak, about 
one-third mile west of a saddle on summit ridge. This point is visi- 
ble from post 24 on the summit of the Yak Mountains and from all 
prominent intermediate points, also from post 92, on the summit of the 
Bitterroot Mountains and from intermediate points. 

73. Iron post, stamped "54.905 M.," on top of narrow rocky ridge 
bearing S. 36° E., 0.7 mile south of the summit of the Cabinet Moun- 
tains, 0.4 mile south of basin at head of West Blue Creek, amid scat- 
tering fir and pine trees. 

74. Iron post, stamped "55.58 M.," on top of rock ledge 1.4 miles 
south of the summit of the Cabinet Mountains, 0.7 mile north of West 
Blue Creek, on east slope of rocky ridge, 0.6 mile east of the triangu- 
lation station Blacktop, and 900 feet south of a small stream flowing 
east. 

75. Iron post, stamped "56.285 M.," 2.1 miles south of the summit 
of the Cabinet Mountains, 30 feet east of West Blue Creek, 120 feet 
south of where line crosses creek under high cliffs on east side of creek, 
8 feet south of a 36-inch hemlock stump and amid heavy timber. 

76. Iron post, stamped "57.14 M.," 2.9 miles south of the summit of 
the Cabinet Mountains, on west side of West Blue Creek and 173 feet 
south of where line crosses it, opposite almost perpendicular cliffs on 
the east side of creek, about 0.25 mile above the mouth of a canyon 
from the northeast, amid large timber just west of an old trail. 

77. Iron post, stamped " 57.975 M,," 3.7 miles south of the summit 
of the Cabinet Mountains, on a small bench on steep rocky slope, 
one-fourth mile east of West Blue Creek. 

78. Iron post, stamped "58.93 M.," 4.7 miles south of the summit 
of the Cabinet Mountains, on top of a narrow ridge, 200 feet above 
West Blue Creek and about opposite the south end of a long ridge on 
the west side of the creek, amid scattering pine trees. 

79. Iron post, stamped "59.975 M.," 3 miles north of Clark Fork 
of Pend Oreille, on top of north bank of West Blue Creek at south 
side of large flat; in open ground. 

80. Iron post, stamped " 60.79 M.," 2.1 miles north of Clark Fork, 
on flat ground, amid heavy, dense timber, about 600 feet west of edge 
of bench, where the surface descends to West Blue Creek. An old 
trail crosses the line 150 feet south of the post. 

81. Iron post, stamped "61.605 M.," 1.3 miles north of Clark Fork, 
on top of flat ridge, amid heavy timber, 30 feet southeast of a pond 
100 feet in diameter. 

82. Iron post, stamped "62.35 M.," 0.5 mile north of Clark Fork, 
on top of flat east-west ridge, amid heavy timber. 

83. Stone monument 6 feet long, 10 inches by 10 inches square, 
with an aluminum bench-mark tablet stamped "63.03 M." cemented 



GooDE.i MONUMENTS. 55 

in its top, located 7 feet north of the Northern Pacific Railway, 1 mile 
eastward from Cabinet, Idaho, 450 feet eastward from sign "1 mile 
to Cabinet," 150 feet eastward from a cut at sharp curve in railroad 
track. 

84. Iron post, stamped "63.98 M.," 1 mile south of the Northern 
Pacific Railwa}^ 0.2 mile northward from Baker's house, amid heavy 
timber on south bank of small stream flowing N. 75° W. 

85. Iron post, stamped "64.95 M.," 1.9 miles south of the Northern 
Pacific Railway at the foot of mountain, 100 feet west of the mouth 
of a small stream in deep ravine ; amid heavy timber. 

86. Iron post, stamped "65.70 M.," 2.7 miles south of the Northern 
Pacific Railway, under west brow of a long, narrow ridge, about 300 
feet south from where the ridge begins steep descent; amid dense 
timber. 

87. Iron post, stamped "66.50 M.," 3.5 miles south of the Northern 
Pacific Railway, on top of high east-west ridge, about 300 feet east 
of its junction, with a north-south ridge ; amid scattering large timber. 

88. Iron post, stamped "67.46 M.," on top of high east-west tim- 
bered ridge, 1 mile north of the west fork of Elk Creek, about one- 
fourth mile east of where the ridge joins north and south ridge. 

89. Iron post, stamped " 68.475 M." (post should have been stamped 
"•68.44 M."), in heavily timbered bottom, 60 feet north of the dry bed 
of the west fork of Elk Creek, about 1 mile west of the mouth of a 
creek from the southwest. 

90. Iron post, stamped "69.08 M.," on top of harrow east- west 
ridge between the west fork of Elk Creek and a small stream from 
the southwest, amid timber. 

91. Iron post, stamped "69.76 M.," on top of nearly bare ridge 
between two ravines bearing northeast. 

92. Stone masonry monument, 6 feet long, 10 inches by 10 inches 
square, consisting of ten sections cemented and bolted together. An 
aluminum bench mark stamped " 92-70.717 M., 4,850 feet" is cemented 
into the top of the monument. The monument stands on the top of 
a bare grassy ridge, amid scattering dead trees, at the junction of a 
ridge from the west with said ridge. The ridge at this point bears 
NW.-SE. and forms the summit of the Bitterroot Mountains. (See 
PL XI, B.) 

It will be recalled that it has been j)reviously mentioned that an 
error was made in the field computation, the result of which was to 
locate the starting point of the random line 177 feet east of the true 
point. The transitman did not know of this error when he surveyed 
the random line, but as a result of a personal equation introduced into 
his work his line varied from a true line by a constant swing toward 
the west, so that when he reached the international boundary the 
point on the random line was 43 feet east of the true point. Thus, in 



56 



SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. 



[bull. 170. 



about 71 miles the transitman ran a line which at its terminal point 
was 134 feet "out" in azimuth. With this explanation the following 
table is self-explanatory: 

Table showing number and kind of monuments, distances, elevations, m,agnetic 
fleclinations and time of magnetic observations along the boundary. 



Num- 
ber of 
monu- 
ment. 



Distance 
from 
inter- 
national 
bound- 
ary. 


Eleva- 
tion at 
monu- 
ment. 


Distance 
west 
from 

random 
line. 


Miles. 


Feet. 


Feet. 


0.00 


4,505 


43 


0.40 


4,691 


49 


1.15 


5,008 


59.5 


1.83 


5,186 


65 


2.85 


5,496 


74 


3.68 


,5,223 


79.8 


4.66 


5,167 


82 


5.415 


5,477 


82.5 


6.295 


6,124 


8.3.5 


6.835 


5,954 


84 


7.53 


6,069 


85 


8.21 


5,713 


86 


8.61 


6,116 


87 


a 9. 00 


6,161 


87 


69.47 


6,613 


88 


10.16 


4,595 


89 


11.005 


5,514 


90 


11.49 


5,407 


91 


13.12 


.5,300 


91.5 


13.915 


4,375 


93 


13.70 


5,700 


94 


14.40 


4,374 


95 


14.86 


5,448 


95 


15.62 


6,290 


96 


16.215 


6,627 


96 


16.81 


5,406 


97 


17.50 


4,966 


98 


18.05 


3,817 


98 


19.06 


2,864 


99 


19.79 


2,523 


100 


30.40 


2,504 


100.5 


21.23 


2,490 


101 


31.73 


3,520 


103 


23.23 


2.694 


103 


23.12 


2,541 


103 


34.10 


2,418 


104 


24.965 


2,425 


105 


25.79 


2,199 


106 


26.14 


1,978 


107 


36.64 


1,833 


107 


27.45 


2,678 


107 


38.215 


3,021 


108 


29.115 


3,546 


109 



Kind of 
monu- 
ment. 



Mag- 
netic 
declina- 
tion 

(east). 



Time of magnetic ob- 
servation. 



0. 
1. 

3, 

4 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 
10. 
11 
12 
13. 
14 
15. 
16. 
17, 
18. 
19. 
20. 
21 
23. 
23 
24, 
25 
26 
27 
28, 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 



Stone 

Iron post. 

do.... 

do.... 

do.-.. 

do_.-. 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

do..., 

do... 

Stone — 
Iron post. 

do..., 

do.... 



23 10 

33 03 

23 15 

23 18 

23 06 

23 00 

23 08 

23 08 

23 02 

23 02 

23 03 



22 54 

23 05 
23 03 
22 55 

22 52 

23 12 
23 05 
22 45 
33 01 
22 57 
22 43 



23 03 

23 25 

22 30 

23 00 
23 08 
23 05 
23 03 
22 59 
22 50 

22 56 

23 00 
22 50 
22 08 



22 45 

22 48 

23 39 
22 35 



9 a.m., Oct. 31, 1898. 
1p.m., Oct. 30, 1898. 
8 a.m., Oct. 30, 1898. 
1.30 p.m., Oct. 28, 1898. 
3 p.m., Oct. 27, 1898. 

3 p.m., Oct. 26, 1898. 
8.30 a.m., Oct. 26, 1898. 
11 a.m., Oct. 25, 1898. 

3 p.m., Oct. 22, 1898. 

8 a.m., Oct. 22, 1898. 
1p.m., Oct. 21, 1898. 

10 a.m., Oct. 21, 1898. 
1p.m., Oct. 20, 1898. 

4 p.m., Oct. 19, 1898. 

2 p.m., Oct. 18, 1898. 
3.45 p.m., Oct. 17, 1898. 

9 a.m., Oct. 17, 1898. 
1p.m., Oct. 15, 1898. 

3 p.m., Oct. 10, 1898. 

8 a.m., Oct. 10, 1898. 
8.30 a.m., Oct. 8, 1898. 
Noon, Oct. 7, 1898. 

5 p.m., Oct. 3, 1898. 
1p.m., Oct. 3, 1898. 
5 p.m., Oct. 2, 1898. 
10.30 a.m., Oct. 2, 1898. 
1p.m., Oct. 1,1898. 

S a.m., Oct. 1,1898. 

9 a.m., Sept. 30, 1898. 
4.30 p.m., Sept. 28, 1898. 

11 a.m., Sept. 28, 1898. 
1.30 p.m., Sept. 26, 1898. 
8.30 a.m., Sept. 26, 1898. 
1.30 p.m., Sept. 24, 1898. 

4 30 p.m., Sept. 23, 1898. 

1p.m., Sept. 23, 1898. 
8 a.m., Sept. 23, 1898. 
1.30 p.m.. Sept, 20, 1898. 
2.30 p.m., Sept. 19, 1898. 



a Stamped 9.03. 



;. Stamped 9.505. 



QOODE.] MONUMENTS. 57 

Table showing number and kind of monuments, etc. — Continued. 



Num- 
ber of 
monu- 
ment. 


Distance 
from 
inter- 
national 
bound- 
ary. 


Eleva- 
tion at 
monu- 
ment. 


Distance 
west 
from 

random 
line. 


Kind of 
monu- 
ment. 


Mag- 
netic 
declina- 
tion 
(east). 


Time of magnetic ob- 
servation. 




Miles. 


Feet. 


Feet. 




. / 




43 


30.03 


3,533 


110 


Iron post _ 


23 33 


5 p.m., Sept. 18, 1898. 


44 


31.03 


3,357 


113 


do— . 


23 45 


1 p.m., Sept. 16, 1898. 


45 


32 17 


3 163 


114 


do 






46 


33.01 


4,410 


115 


do.— 


33 37 


1p.m., Sept. 14, 1898. 


47 


33.74 


4,392 


116 


do.... 


32 40 


4.30 p.m., Sept. 12, 1898. 


48 


34.755 


6,137 


118 


do...- 


22 38 


8 a.m., Sept. 12, 1898. 


49. 


35.37 


5,993 


119 


do.... 


32 25 


11 a.m., Sept. 10, 1898. 


50 


36.31 


5,535 


120 


do.... 


22 15 


3 p.m., Sept. 9, 1898. 


51 


36.86 


5,573 


121 


do.... 


22 43 


9 a.m., Sept. 9, 1898. 


52 


37.53 


4,740 


182 


do.... 


21 26 


13.30 p.m., Sept. 7, 1898. 


53, 


38.57 


3,498 


109 


do.... 






54 


39.59 


4,433 


123 


do.... 


22 39 


13.30 p.m., Sept. 5, 1898. 


55 


40.51 


3,089 


125 


do.... 


23 35 


3.30 p.m., Sept. 4, 1898. 


56 


41.51. 


4,793 


126 


do-... 


32 25 


4 p.m., Sept. 3, 1898. 


57 


42-35 


5,446 


127 


do.... 


32 10 


3.30 p.m., Sept. 3, 1898. 


58 


43.50 


5,870 


129 


do — . 


23 13 


13.30 p.m., Aug. 29, 1898. 


59 


44.16 


4,887 


131 


do.... 


22 15 


1.30 p.m., Aug. 27, 1898. 


60 


44.72 


5,107 


132 


. ...do— . 


23 05 


3 p.m., Aug. 26, 1898. 


61 


45.10 


3,993 


133 


do.... 


32 23 


9 a.m., Aug. 26, 1898. 


62 


46.01 


5,176 


134 


do—. 


25 20 


3.30 p.m., Aug. 34, 1898. 


63 


46.68 


3,867 


135.5 


do.... 


21 45 


5 p.m., Aug. 33, 1898. 


64 


47.78 


4,053 


137 


do..-. 


22 03 


4.30 p.m., Aug. 20, 1898. 


65 


48.67 


5,666 


139 


do.... 


33 30 


3 p.m., Aug. 19, 1898. 


66 


49.54 


5,781 


139 


do.-.- 


22 a5 


9 a.m., Aug. 19, 1898. 


67 


50.09 


5,833 


139 


do.... 


22 28 


2.30 p. m., Aug. 13, 1898. 


68 


50.99 


3,633 


141 


do.... 


22 20 


2.30 p.m., Aug. 13, 1898. 


69 


51.85 


5,903 


141 


do 


33 10 


10 a.m., Aug. 11, 1898. 


70 


53. 725 


4,084 


142 


do.... 


23 35 


10 a.m., Aug. 9, 1898. 


71 


53.24 


5,366 


142 


do.... 


33 30 


3 p.m., Aug. 8, 1898. 


72 


54.22 


6,780 


163 


do.... 


23 14 


8 a.m., Aug. 8, 1898. 


73 


54.905 


6,197 


163 


do.... 


23 28 


7.30 a.m., Aug. 6, 1898. 


74 


55.58 


5,349 


164 


do.... 


21 50 


1p.m., Aug. 5, 1898. 


75 


56.285 


4,139 


165 


do.... 


33 10 


8.45 a.m., Aug. 3, 1898. 


76 


57.14 


3,774 


166 


do.... 


33 30 


11 a.m., July 30,1898. 


77 


57. 975 


3,856 


166 


do—. 


S3 53 


6.30 p.m., July 38,1898. 


78 


58.93 


4,206 


167 


do.... 


.23 05 


10 a.m., July 38, 1898. 


79 


59.975 


3,655 


168 


do...- 


33 33 


1.30 p.m., July 37,1898. 


80 


60.79 


2,663 


169 


do.... 


32 15 


Noon, July 36, 1898. 


81 


61.605 


2,667 


169 


do.— 


33 27 


4 p.m., July 24,1898. 


82 


63.35 


2,487 


170 


do.... 


33 33 


1.30 p.m., July 33,1898. 


83 


63.03 


3,225 


170 


Stone 


22 32 


3 p.m., July 21, 1898. 


84 


63.98 


2,416 


171 


Iron post. 


33 33 


3. 45 p.m., July 20, 1898. 


85 


64.94 


2,501 


172 


do.... 


33 36 


9. 30 a.m., July 19, 1898. 


86 


65.70 


3,990 


173 


do.-.. 


33 30 


12. 30 p.m., July 18, 1898. 


87 


66.50 


4,953 


173 


do — 


33 04 


10. 30 a.m., July 16, 1898. 


88 


67.46 


4,793 


174 


do.... 


33 30 


4 p.m., July 14,1898. 


89 


a 68. 44 


3,667 


175 


do.... 


22 30 


11 a.m., July 13, 1898. 


90 


69.08 


4,341 


176 


do..-. 


32 20 


11 a.m., July 12,1898. 


91 


69.76 


3,555 


176 


. ..do.... 






92 


70.717 


4,848 


177 


Stone .... 


22 15 


10. 30 a.m., July 9,1898. 



a Stamped 68.475. 



58 SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. [bull. no. 

THE INTJSRKATIONAL BOUNDARY WEST OF THE SUMMIT 
OF THE ROCKY MOUNT AIIS^S, AND THE MOOYIE TRAIL 
MONUMENT. 

On August 11, 1856, a law was jiassed by Congress authorizing tlip 
appointment of a commission to unite with a similar commission to be 
appointed by Great Britain for the purpose of carrying into effect the 
first article of the treaty of June 15, 1846, that is to determine and 
mark the boundary line between the United States and British pos- 
sessions westward from the summit of the Rocky Mountains. In 
February, 1857, Mr. Archibald Campbell was appointed commissioner 
for the United States, and Lieut. John G. Parke, United States Army, 
was appointed chief astronomer and surveyor. Three commissioners 
were appointed by Great Britain. Captains Prevost and Richards, of 
the Royal Navy, were first and second commissioners, respectively, 
their duties being limited to the determination of the water boundary 
referred to as " the channel which separates the Continent from Van- 
couver's Island." In the summer of 1858, Col. J. S. Hawkins, Royal 
Engineers, appointed by the British Government commissioner to 
determine the boundary line along the forty-ninth parallel, arrived 
in the United States prepared for field operations. At a meeting of 
the joint commission the following agreement relating to the plan of 
work was entered into: 

After discussing plans for determining and marking the line as far eastward as 
the Cascade Mountains, it was concluded to be inexpedient at the present time, 
in consequence of the great expense, consumption of time, and the impracticable 
nature of the country, to mark the whole boundary by cutting a track through 
the dense forest. 

It was therefore agreed to ascertain points on the line by the determination of 
astronomical points at convenient intervals on or near the boundary and to mark 
such astronomical stations, or points fixed on the parallel forming the boundary, 
by cutting a track of not less than 20 feet in width on each side for the distance 
of half a mile or more, according to circumstances. Farther, that the boundary 
be determined and similarly marked where it crosses streams of any size, perma- 
nent trails, or any striking natural feature of the country. 

In the vicinity of settlements on or near the line it is deemed advisable to cut 
the track for a greater distance and to mark it in a manner to be determined 
hereafter. 

Under this plan it seems that the work was prosecuted through the 
field seasons of 1858, 1859, and 1860, but owing to the war between 
the States, which followed soon after, all operations were suspended, 
and no detailed report was ever published. 

The following is an extract from a short report by Mr, Archibald 
Campbell, United States commissioner, published in House Executive 
Document No. 86, Fortieth Congress, third session: 

The work of running and marking the land boundary was carried on through a 
country previously almost unknown. The forty-ninth parallel extends over rug- 
ged and precipitous mountains that attain great elevation, and in the Cascade 



oooDE.] THE LINE WEST OF THE SUMMIT. 59 

Range, on and near the boundary, perpetual snow covers many of the peaks, 
whose northern gorges are filled up with immense glaciers. The timber on the 
western slope of the Cascade Mountains is dense, being a heavy growth of pine 
and fir that in many places stands over a fallen forest not yet decayed. This is 
the character of the country as far eastward as the valley of the Similkameen 
River, one of the tributaries of the Columbia. Here the timber becomes more 
open and surveying operations less diflScult. 

After passing the Okinokane River, which is the lowest line of the great valley 
between the Cascade and the Rocky Mountains, the country again becomes rough 
and the timber more dense, but less so than the western slope of the Cascade 
Mountains. 

It being impossible to follow the forty -ninth parallel continuously, the line of 
survey was carried over the nearest practicable route for a pack trail, connecting 
each astronomical station, making a total length of line of survey of about 800 
miles. Astronomical stations were established by parties of the joint commission 
at almost every accessible point from which the boundary line is ascertained, and 
marked by a- vista across all valleys and trails, where rough stone monuments 
were erected over posts buried in the ground to indicate the exact line. 

The reconnoissance work extends over an area of about oO,000 square miles. 
Within this space the barometrical heights of over 800 points have been obtained. 

A magnetic survey, extending over a range of 30° 20 in latitude and 4° in longi- 
tude, with the necessary observations of the magnetic elements of the astronom- 
ical stations, was also made. 

The entire length of the land boundary line is over 9° in longitude, or about 410 
miles, and the length of the route traveled in surveying it is double that distance. 
Trails had to be opened for three-fourths of the distance traveled, involving great 
labor in cutting, grading, and bridging to make the route practicable for pack- 
mule transportation. The water courses were numerous and rapid, rendering the 
fords frequent and dangerous, and a slight rise of many of the streams would have 
made them impassable but for the timely precaution of building bridges at small 
streams and ferryboats at the river crossings. Many of the trails opened are now 
traveled routes to the mines then and since discovered', which are rapidly develop- 
ing that section of the country, where almost every valley of any extent afiiords 
facilities for agricultural pursuits. 

In collating the results of the survey reports upon the geology, botany, and 
natural history of the country reconnoitered were prepared and complete maps, 
on a large scale, made of the entire boundary and the adjacent country. A gen- 
eral map has also been made, showing the extent of the country traversed. And 
to facilitate the survey of the public lands photographic duplicates of the detailed 
sheets, showing each monument on the boundary line, with its geographical posi- 
tion, were furnished to the General Land OflSice. Photographic duplicates of the 
detailed sheets of the water boundary have also been made and furnished the 
Department of State in illustration of the question of the boundary channel. 

Copies of the maps referred to in Mr. Campbell's reports are in 
existence. The boundary-line maps are in 14 sheets, with the title, 
Detailed Maps of the Northwest Boundary, from Point Roberts to the 
Rocky Mountains, between the United States and the British Posses- 
sions, under the' treaty of June 15, 1846, showing monuments, cuts, 
and other marks. The scale of the maps is 1 : 60,000, and the topog- 
raphy is shown in hachures. The general map referred to is in con- 
tours and apparently on the same scale as the detailed maps. 

From an inspection of the detailed map it appears that there are 



60 SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. [bdll. 170. 

two portions of the boundary line which seem to be adequately marked, 
one of them being from Point Roberts, on Juan de Fuca Strait, 
eastward for a distance of about 41 miles, and the other being from 
Similkameen River, across the northern boundary' of what was for- 
merly the Colville Indian Reservation, to the Columbia River, a dis- 
tance of about 91 miles ; the eastern part of this latter portion, however, 
is not so well marked as the Wrestern part. 

The portions which are inadequately marked — in fact, not marked 
at all — comprise intervals as follows: 

Portions of international boundary west of the summit of the Rocky Mountains and 

the Mooyie Trail monument which are not marked. 

Miles 
(approximate ) . 

West slope of Cascade Mountains - - - 16 

Across summit of Cascade Mountains to Pasay ten River , 54 

Pasayteu River to one hundred and twentieth meridian 24 

One hundred and twentieth meridian to Similkameen River 15 

Cohimbia River to Clark Fork 10 

Clark Fork to Kootenai Moiintain. --. 11 

Kootenai Mountain to Kootenai River . 28 

Kootenai River to Mooyie Trail ..- - 15 

Mooyie River to Yaak River : 25 

Yaak River to summit west of Kootenai River 17 

Summit west of Kootenai River to Kootenai River 5 

Kootenai River to summit .-. — 5 « 

Summit to Wigwam River - 14 

Wigwam River to Flathead River - 14 

Flathead River to Kishemeen Creek . 4 

Kishemeen Creek to summit of Rocky Mountains _ 13 

There is no question as to the desirability of properly marking the 
boundary line, although it is true that the unmarked portions are in 
a rough, mountainous, and unsettled section, and the expense and 
labor connected with making the necessary resurveys and placing 
monuments would be large. 

When the boundary line between Idaho and Montana was run 
northward to the international boundary, it was not possible to locate 
its terminal point as satisfactorily as might have been desired, because 
of the fact that tliere was no monument on the international bound- 
ary within a reasonable distance with which a connection could be t 
made. The same is true of the boundary line between Washington 
and Idaho, and also of a guide meridian run by the Geological Survey 
northward from the thirteenth standard parallel in Idaho. The 
Washington Forest Reserve, the Priest River Forest Reserve, and 
the Flathead Forest Reserve abut against this boundary, and in 
making the topographic survey of these reserves, as well as in pro- 
jecting the public-land lines northward, it is very important that 
there should be well-defined monuments to which these surveys can 
be connected. There are, of course, many other apparent reasons 



GooDE.] ST.\TE DEPARTMENT RECORDS. 61 

why the international boundary should be permanently and conspic- 
uously marked, but special reference is made to those mentioned, for 
they have a bearing on the work of the Geological Survey. 

As the instructions relating to the Idaho-Montana boundary line 
provided for a connection by triangulation or other methods with a 
monument on the international boundary, inquiry was made at the 
State Department for information on the subject and permission was 
granted to examine the records of the Northwest Boundary Survey. 
A visit was made to the manuscript room of the Department, and 
several lists of geographical positions were found. As these positions 
have not been published heretofore, two lists are given below. The 
second list gives geographical positions, and is signed by oflELcers of 
the British and American commissions. 

Extracts from State Department records of United States Northwest Boundary 

Survey. 

[In lead-colored chest in manuscript room.] 

Camp Columbia ' 117° 37' 33". 9 on brink of hill, west bank of river. 

' 117° 37' 05". 2 near east bank of river. 
Camp Kootenay West.. 116° 35' 44". 9 on side of mountain, west side of valley. 
116° 31' 05". 9 on brow of first hill, right bank of river. 

Camp Mooyie 116° 12' 22". 3 on side of mountain, west side of valley. 

116° 11' 54". 5 on plateau above creek. Position approxi- 
mate. 
116° 11' 25". 6 on left bank of creek close to water. 
116° 11' 24" on high bluff left bank. Position approxi- 
mate. 
Camp Kootenay East... 115° 16' 01". 4 on east bank of ravine beyond which the 

mountains rise. 
115° 11' 11". 2 on right bank of Kootenay River. 
115° 10' 11", 6 on second plateau, left bank of river. 
115° 03' 28". 7 at foot of mountain, left bank small creek. 
(N. B. — This station was moved from its position as 
placed by the United States surveyors by the British 
surveyors. Description is of the new position.) 

Lat. N. Long. W. Gr. 

oil) o I II 

CampColumbia 48 59 50.4 117 37 41.8 

Fort Shepherd Station 49 00 00.0 117 37 19.4 

Junction of Salmon River with Clarks Fork 49 01 32.4 117 23 24.5 

Pend O'Reille Station 49 00 03.5 117 21 52.9 

Kootenay Mountain Station 49 00 12.8 117 10 48.4 

Triangulation pole 48 58 48.0 117 00 33.1 

Sinyakuateen depot ...48 09 23.8 116 43 42.9 

Camp Kootenay "West ...48 59 55.1 116 31 16.2 

Junction of trails near Acklewcache 48 54 21.4 116 22 03.1 

Mooyie Trail monument ...49 00 01.3 116 14 59.2 

CampMooyie 49 01 26.0 116 12 40.5 

YahtStation 48 59 55.4 115 38 51.0 

1 Monuments changed by English commission after verification. 



62 SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. [bull. no. 

From the foregoing list it appeared that the Mooyie Trail monu- 
ment was the point on the international boundary nearest the Idaho- 
Montana boundary line, and Mr. Perkins was instructed to make a 
search for it. The monument is about 32 miles from Bonners Ferry, 
Idaho, and is easil}^ reached by the new Wild Horse trail. It is on 
the west side of and near the trail between Round Meadows hay ranch, 
or Walters Prairie, and Mooyie River, and about 5 miles from the 
former. It is aboiit a half mile beyond a section of the trail which 
for a distance of about one-fourth mile is filled with loose rock. As 
the monument is approached the trail passes through a heavy growth 
of timber and underbrush. The monument consists of a large pile of 
partly angular rocks, now knocked down by fallen trees. Originally, 
the trees in the immediate vicinity of the monument were cut down. 

It will be observed that the latitude for the Mooyie Trail monu- 
ment given in the list signed by the ofiicers of the United States and 
British commissions is 49° 00' 01". 3, or 1".3 (about 132 feet) north of 
the parallel constituting the international boundary, and it was sup- 
posed that the point marked by the monument was in that latitude, 
and therefore not exactly on the international boundary. During the 
field season of 1898 the triangulation was extended so as to locate 
this monument, and its position deduced from the Spokane base is 
as follows: Latitude, 49" 00' 01". 51; longitude, llfi° 14' 19".48. 

The check in latitude, 21 feet, was considered very satisfactory, 
and even the discrepancy^ in longitude, about 2,647 feet, was not 
more than might be expected, considering the lack of telegraphic 
facilities at the time of the Northwest Boundarj^ survey. The point 
determined as the true one for the intersection of the international 
boundary and the Idaho-Montana boundary line was located with 
reference to the Mooyie Trail monument, so that there need be no 
large discrepancy, except that due to station error, when the inter- 
national boundar}^ is ultimately traced and marked, it being assumed 
that the work alreadj^ done by the Northwest Boundary survey will 
be accepted and utilized. 

The distance from the point on the Idaho-Montana boundary line 
at the crest of the Bitterroot Mountains to the international boundary, 
used in placing the initial monument, was computed as follows, the 
constants being taken from United States Coast and Geodetic Survey 
Report, 1884, Appendix No. 6 : 

Latitude. 

Transit station, crest of Bitterroot Mountains.. 47 58 35.56 

International parallel 49 0.00 

Difference. 1 01 34.44 



HooDK.] FINANCIAL STATEMENT. 63 

1° =69.097 miles =364,832 feet. 
1' =1,853. 16 meters. 





log. 
log. 

log. 

log. 
log. 

log. 
jction ' = 


1" =30.886 meters, 1. 489762 
24". 44 1.388101 




754. 85 meters = 3. ar7863 
1,853.16 




2, 608. 01 meters, 3. 416309 
meters to feet, 0. 515984 

8,554 feet = 3.932293 
364, 832 


Jorn 


373, 386 feet. 
+21 



373, 407 feet, total distance. 



FINANCIAIj statemei^t. 



A financial statement is presented below showing how the amount 
appropriated for the survey of the boundary line was expended. As 
already mentioned, however, this amount does not represent the 
entire cost of the work, for the greater portion of the animals and 
outfit were transferred from other localities, where they had been 
used by parties of the Geological Survey working under other appro- 
priations. Further, it was possible to use a portion of the triangula- 
tion done in connection with the forest surveys, and the expenses of 
the party while engaged in sketching topography were charged in 
part against the appropriation for topographic surveys. No portion 
of the salary of the geographer in charge of the work was paid from 
the appropriation for the boundary line, nor were any office salaries 
charged against it. But for this material assistance, which did not 
in any way detract from other work, the cost of the boundary survey 
would probably have been increased more than twofold. On the 
other hand, a large portion of what was accomplished in connection 
with the boundary line can be utilized in other directions. The appro- 
priation of $7,650 was originally made for expenditure during the 
fiscal year ending June 30, 1898. The unexpended balance on that 
date was, however, made available by act of Congress for the year 
ending June 30, 1899, and again, in a similar manner, the unexpended 
balance at the latter date was reappropriated for the fiscal year end- 
ing June 30, 1900. The appropriation became practically exhausted 
in October, 1899. 

1 By triangulation connection -with Mooyie Trail monument, the position of this monument 
is 0."21 farther north than as given by the international boundary survey, hence to reduce all 
positions to the international-boundary survey system, latitudes of United States Geological 
Survey triangulation are decreased 0".21, or its equivalent, 21 feet, the distance from initial 
point on Bitterroot Mountains to forty-ninth parallel being increased 31 feet. 



64 



SURVEY OF IDAHO-MONTANA BOUNDARY LINE. [bull.170 



Financial statement relating to appropriation for survey of boundary line between 

Idaho and Montana. 



To whom paid. 



For what paid. 



E. T. Perkins, jr. , topographer 

do - 

G. M. Metzler 

Isaac I. Lewis 

Lindsay & Merriam 

F.O.Berg 

Bolly, Mason, Marks & Co 

Spokane Dry Goods Co -. 

Mark E. Davis. 

S.H.Rush 

E.T. Perkins, jr 

E.C. Murphy 

E.T. Perkins, jr 

Pay roll of employees 

C.P.Willis 

Exchange National Bank 

E.T. Perkins, jr 

United States Express Co 

Chicago and Northwestern Railway 
Co. 

Pay roll of employees. 

E.T. Perkins, jr 

S.H.Rush - 

Richard Smith 

Oregon Short Line R. R... 

E.T. Perkins, jr 

Pay roll of employees - 

H. Baumgarten 

John O'Connell 

Young & Sons 

E.T. Perkins, jr 

Pay roll of employees 

Northern J'aciflc Railway Co 

E.T. Perkins, jr 

Pay roll of employees 

Schoellhorn- Albrecht Machine Co . . . 
E.T. Perkins, jr 



Northwestern Storage and Trans- 
portation Co. 

do. 

P.Morrison 

H. L. Schermerhorn 

do 

Western Union Telegraph Co 

do 

P.Morrison 

H.Louis Schermerhorn 

P. Morrison 

Northwestern Storage and Trans- 
portation Co. 

P.Morrison 



Services, June 8-30.. 

Traveling expenses 

Shoeing, etc 

ToUage supplies, etc 

Subsistence supplies 

Tentage 

Hardware 

Saddles, blankets, and pack covers . 

Saddlery, etc. 

Saddlery, etc 

Field expenses 

One mule 

Field expenses 

Services, July, 1897 

One horse 

Horses and mules 

Field expenses 

Freight 

Transportation 



Services, August, 1897 

Field expenses 

Harness 

Wagon. 

Transportation 

Field expenses.. 

Services, September, 1897. 

Stamps 

Transportation 

Transit 

Field expenses. 

Services, October, 1897 

Transportation 

Field expenses 

Services, November, 1897 . 

Iron monuments 

Field expenses 



Storage . 



do 

Pasturage . 

Storage 

do 

Telegrams. 

do 

Pasturage . 

Storage 

Pasturage . 
Storage 



Pasturage 



FINANCIAL STATEMENT. 



65 



Financial statement relating to appropriation for survey of boundary line beticeen 
Idaho and Montana — Continued. 



To whom paid. 



For what paid. 



1S9S. 

June S 

11 

July 13 

Aug. 3 

11 

11 

11 

ir 

Sept. 13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
13 
21 
21 
21 

Oct. 11 
U 



16 
26 
26 

Oct. 19 
19 

Dec. 13 

1899. 
Jan. 17 
Feb. 16 
Mar. 20 

20 
June 30 
July 17 

31 
Aug. 8 
Sept. 12 

16 



P.Morrison _, 

H. Louis Schernierhoru 

Lindsay & Hall 

Pay roll of employees 

Arend & Ken ward 

Holly, Mason, Marks & Co 

P.Morrison 

D. L. Reaburu 

do 

R.U.Goode 

Gordon Daugherty 

Pay roll of employees 

Giles & Peat. 

D. L. Keaburu 

Oregon Railroad and jSTavigation Co 

F.B.Collow 

Northern Pacific Railway Co 

Pay roll of employees 

W. E.R.Brewster 

Pay roll of employees 

D.L. Reaburn , 

do 

do 

Northern Pacific Railway Co 

Southern Pacific Co - 

do 

S . W . Johnson 



Great Northern Railway Co. . . 

United States Express Co 

Western Union Telegraph Co . 

do 

Pay roll of e mployees 

D.L. Reaburn 

Pay roll of employees 

E.J. Brooks & Co 

D.L. Reaburn 

do 



Pasturage 

Storage 

Siibsistence supplies 

Services, July, 1898 , 

Subsistence supplies 

Hardware 

Pasturage 

Field expenses 

-_-.do , 

...-do 

Subsistence supplies 

Services, August, 1898 

Stone monuments 

Field expenses 

Transportation 

Subsistence supplies 

Transportation 

Services, September, 1898 

Subsistence supplies , 

Services, October, 1898 .. , 

Field expenses 

do 

do 

Transportation 

do -. 

do 

Pasturage 



Transportation 

Expressage 

Telegrams 

do 

Services, June, 1899 . . . 

■Field expenses 

Services, July, 1899 ... 
Steel dies and letters 

Field expenses 

do 



Total 

Amount appropriated . 

Balance 



Bull. 170- 



INDEX 



Fage. 
Astronomic piers at Spokane, Wash., plate 

showing 22 

Azimuth, observations for 25-29 

Base line, measurement of 25 

Bitterroot Mountains, character of 18 

plate showing monument at summit of 54 

plates showing views of summit of 16, 60 

Blacktail, Idaho, triangulation station at. . . 32-33 
Blacktop, Idaho, triangulation station at. . . 37 

Blue, Idaho, triangulation station at 35 

Border, Canada, triangulation station at 38-39 

Boundary line, map of 66 

Boundary lines, classes of 16-17 

Boundary lines in the Northwest 15-18 

Buckhorn, Idaho, triangulation station at. . 37 

Cabinet Range, plates showing views of 18, 20 

Campbell, A. , extract from report of 58-59 

work of 58 

Carlton, Wash. , triangulation station at 32 

Chilco, Idaho, triangulation station at .33 

Clark Fork, plate showing view of 66 

Cross, Mont., triangulation station at 38 

Divide, Idaho, azimuth determinations at . . 26 

triangulation station at 34, 40 

Doust, Idaho, triangulation station at 35-36 

Ewing, Mont. , triangulation station at 38 

Financial statement 63-65 

Gannett, S.S., work of 19,21,26 

Hawkins, J. S., work of 58 

Hell Roaring, Idaho, triangulation station 

at 36 

Idaho, boundaries of 16 

description of post at corner of Montana 

and 17 

International boundary, surveys of 58-63 

Latitude, observations for 21-22 

Leonia, Idaho, plate showing view of monu- 
ment near 54 

Little Baldy , Wash. , triangulation station at 31 
Longitude, observations for 28-24 



Page. 

Montana, boundaries of 16 

description of post at corner of Idaho 

and 17 

Monuments, description of 47-48 

location of 49-56 

plates showing 46, 54 

table showing number and kind, dis- 
tance, elevations, etc 56-57 

Mooyie Trail Monument, triangulation sta- 
tion at 34-35 

Moran, Wash., triangulation station at 30-31 

Newton, Mont. , triangulation station at 37 

Parke, J. G. , work of 58 

Perkins, E.T., jr., work of 18,19 

Prevost, — , work of 58 

Reaburn, D. L., work of 19, 20, 21, 28 

Richards, A. v., work of 17 

Richards, — , work of 58 

Round Top, Idaho, triangulation station at. 34 
Scotchman, Idaho, triangulation station 

at 33-34, 36 

Scotchman Peak, plate showing view near 

summit of 20 

Skalan, Idaho, triangulation station at 32 

Spokane, Wash. , measurement of base line 

at 25 

observations for latitude at 22 

plate showing astronomic piers at 22 

triangulation stations at 29-30 

Stadia and transit work 40-47 

Stadia rod, design for 41 

Stadia work, remarks on 47 

Tomkinson, Wash., triangulation station at 81 

Transit and stadia work 40-47 

Transit station, plate showing view of 40 

Transit station 154 , triangulation at S9 

Transit station 949, triangulation at S9 

Triangulation, diagram of 30 

work in 29-40 

Walcott, CD., letter of instructions by 11-15 

67 



o 



II ADVERTISEMENT. 

XVII. Seventeenth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, 1895-96, Charles D. 
Walcott, Director. 1896. 8°. 3 pt. in 4 vol. xxii, 1076 pp., 67 pi. and maps; xxv, 864 pp., 113 pi. and 
maps; xxiii, 542 pp., 8 pi. and maps; iii, 543-1058 pp., 9-13 pi. 

XVIII. Eighteenth Annual Report of the United State.s Geological Survey, 1896-'97, Charles D. 
Walcott. Director. 1897. (Tarts II and III, 1898.) S^'. 5 pt. in 6 vol. 440 pp., 4 pi. and maps; v, 653 pp., 
105 pi. and maps ; v, 861 pp.. 118 pi. and maps; x, 756 pp., 102 pi. and maps; xii, 642 pp., 1 pi. ; 643-1400 pp. 

XIX. Nineteenth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, 1897-98, Charles D. 
Walcott, Director. 1898. (Parts II, III, and V, 1899.) 8°. 6 pt. in 7 vol. 422 pp., 2 maps; v, 958 pp., 
172 pi. and maps; v. 785 pp., 99 pi. and maps; viii, 814 pp., 118 pi. and tuaps; xvii, 400 pp., 110 pi. and 
maps; viii, 651 pj)., 11 pi.; viii. 70C pp. 

XX. Twentieth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, 1898-'99, Charles D. Wal- 
cott, Director. 1899. (Parts II, III, IV, V, and VII, 1900.) 8°. 7 pt. in 8 vol. 551 pp., 2 maps; v, 
953 pp., 193 jd. and maps; v, .595 pp., 78 pi. and maps; vii, 060 pp., 75 pi. and maps; xix, 498 pp., 159 
pi. and maps; viii, 616 pp.; xi, 8u4 pp., 1 pi.; v, 509 pp., 38 pi. and maps. 

MONOGRAPHS. 

I. Lake BonneviUe, by Grove Karl Gilbert. 1890. 4°. xx, 438 pp. 51 pi. 1 map. Price $1.50 

n. Tertiary History of the Grand Canon District, with Atlas, by Clarence E. Dutton, Capt., U. b. A. 
1882. 4°. xiv, 264 pp. 42 pi. and atlas of 24 sheets folio. Price $10.00. 

III. Geology of the Comstock Lode aud the Washoe District, with Atlas, by George F. Becker. 1882. 
4°. XV, 422 pp. 7 pi. and atlas of 21 sheets folio. Price .$11.00. 

rV. Comstock Mining and Miners, by Eliot Lord. 1883. 4°. xiv, 451 pp. 3 pi. Price $1.50. 

V. The Copper- Bearing Rocks of Lake Superior, by Roland Duer Irving. 1883. 4°. xvi,464 pp. 
151. 29 pi. and maps. Price $1.85. 

VI. Contributions to the Knowledge of the Older Mesozoic Flora of Virginia, by William Morris 
Fontaine. 1883. 4°. xi, 144 pp. 54 1. 54 pi. Price $1.05. 

VII. Silver-Lead Deposits of Eureka, Nevada, by Joseph Story Curtis. 1884. 4°. xiii, 200 pp. 16 
pi. Price $1.20. 

Vin. Paleontology of the Eureka District, by Charles Doolittle Walcott. 1884. 4°. xiii, 298 pp. 
241. 24 pi. Price $1.10. 

IX. Brachiopoda and Lamellibranohiata of the Raritan Clays and Greensand Marls of Ne\\ Jersey, 
by Robert P. Whitfield. 1885. 4°. xx,338pp. 35 pi. 1 map. Price .$1.15. 

X. Dinocerata. A Monograph of an Extinct Order of Gigantic Mammals, by Othniel Charles Marsh. 
1886. 4°. xviii, 243 pp. 561. 56 pi. Price $2.70. 

XI. Geological History of Lake Lahontan, a Quaternary Lake of Northwestern Nevada, by Israel 
Cook Russell. 1885. 4°. xiv, 288 pp. 46 pi. and maps. Price $1.75. 

XII. Geology and Mining Industry of Leadville, Colorado, with Atlas, by Samuel Franklin Emmons. 
1886. 4°. xxix, 770 pp. 45 pi. and atlas of 35 sheets folio. Price $8.40. 

XIII. Geology of the Quicksilver Deposits of the Pacific Slope, with Atlas, by George F. Becker. 
1888. i°. xix, 486 pp. 7 pi. and atlas of 14 sheets folio. Price $2.00. 

XIV. Fossil Fishes and Fossil Plants of the Triassic Rocks of New Jersey and the Connecticut Val- 
ley, by John S. Newberry. 1888. 4°. xiv, 152 pp. 26 pi. Price $1.00. 

XV. The Potomac or Younger Mesozoic Flora,- by William Morris Fontaine. 1889. 4°. xiv, 377 
pp. 180 pi. Text and plates bound separately. Price $2.50. 

XVI. The Paleozoic Fishes of North America, by John Strong Newberry. 1889. 4°. 340 pp. 53 pi. 

Price .$1.00. 

XVII. The Flora of the Dakota Group, a Posthumous Work, by Leo Lesquereux. Edited by F. H. 
Knowlton. 1891. 4'=. 400 pp. 66 pi. Price $1.10. 

XVIII. Gasteropoda and Cephalopoda of the Raritan Clays and Greensand Marls of New Jersey, 
by Robert P. Whitfield. 1891. 4°. 402 pp. 50 pi. Price $1.00. 

XIX. The Penokee Iron-Bearing Series of Northern Wisconsin and Michigan, by Roland D. Irving 
and C. R. Van Hise. 1892. 4°. xix, 534 pp. 37 pi. Price $1.70. 

XX. Geology of the Eureka District, Nevada, with Atlas, by Arnold Hague. 1892. 4°. xvii, 419 pp. 
8 pi. Price $5.25. 

XXI. The Tertiary Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of North America, by Samuel Hubbard Scudder. 

1893. 4^. xi, 200 pp. 18 pi. Price 90 cents. 

XXII. A Manual of Topographic Methods, by Henry Gannett, Chief Topographer. 1893. 4°. xiv, 
300 pp. 18 pi. Price $1.00. 

XXni. Geology of the Green Mountains in Massachusetts, by Raphael Pumpelly, J. E. WolflF, 
and T. Nelson Dale. 1894. 4°. xiv, 206 pp. 23 pi. Price $1.30. 
XXrV. Mollusca and Crustacea of the Miocene Formations of New Jersey, by Robert Parr Whitfield. 

1894. 4°. 195 ]ip. 24 jd. Price 90 cents. 

XXV. The Glacial Lake A gassiz, by Warren Upham. 1895. 4°. xxiv, 6.58 pp. 38 pi. Price $1.70. 

XXVI. Flora of the Amboy Clays, by John Strong Newberry; a Posthumous Work, edited by 
Arthur Hollick. 1895. i°. 260 pp. 58 pi. Price $1.00. 

XXVII. Geology of the Denver Basin, Colorado, by S. F. Emmons, Whitman Cross, and George H. 
Eldridge. 1896. 4°. 556 pp. 31 pi. Price $1.50. 



ADVERTISEMENT. Ill 

XXVni. The Marquette Iron-Bearing District of Michigan, with Atlas, by C. E. Van Hise and W. 
S. Bayley, including a Chapter on the Republic Trough, by H, L. Smyth. 1897. 4°. 608 pp. 35 pi. 
and atlas of 39 sheets folio. Price $5.75. 

XXIX. Geology of Old Hampshire County, Massachusetts, comprising Pranklin, Hampshire, and 
Hampden Counties, by Benjamin Kendall Emerson. 1898. 4°. xxi, 790 pp. 35 pi. Price $1.90. 

XXX. Fossil Medua®, by Charles DoolittleWalcott. 1898. 4°. ix, 201 pp. 47 pi. Price $1.50. 

XXXI. Geology of the Aspen Mining District, Colorado, with Atlas, by Josiah Edward Spurr. 1898. 
4°. XXXV, 260 pp. 43 pi. and atlas of 30 sheets folio. Price $3.60. 

XXXII. Geology of the Yellowstone National Park, Part II, Descriptive Geology, Petrography, 
and Paleontology, by Arnold Hague, J. P. Iddings, W. Harvey "Weed, Charles D. Walcott, G. H. Girty, 
T.W.Stanton, and F.H.Knowlton. 1P99. 4°. xvii,893pp. 121 pi. Price $2.45. 

XXXIII. Geology of the Narragansett Basin, by K. S. Shaler, J. B. Woodworth, and August F. 
Eoerste. 1899. 4°. xx,402pp. 31 pi. Price $1. 

XXXIV. The Glacial Gravels of Maine and their Associated Deposits, by George H. Stone. 1899. 
4°. xiii, 499 pp. 52 pi. Price $1.30. 

XXXV. The Later Extinct Floras of North America, by John Strong Newberry ; edited by Arthur 
Hollick. 1898. 4°. xviii, 295 pp. 68 pi. Price $1.25. 

XXXVI. The Crystal Falls Iron-Bearing District of Michigan, bj^ J. Morgan Clements and Henry 
Lloyd Smyth ; with a Chapter on the Sturgeon Ri\'er Tongue, by William Shirley Bayley, and an 
Introduction by Charles Richard Van Hise. 1899. 4°. xxxvi, 512 pp. 53 pi. Price $2. 

XXXVII. Fossil Flora of the Lower Coal Measures of Missouri, by David White. 1899. 4°. xi, 
467 pp. 73 pi. Price $1.25. 

XXXVIII. The Illinois Glacial Lobe, by Frank Leverett. 1899. 4°. xxi, 817 pp. 24 pi. Price $1.60. 

XXXIX. The Eocene and Lower Oligocene Coral Faunas of the United States, with Descriptions 
of a Few Doubtfully Cretaceous Species, by T. Wayland Vaughan. 1900. 4°. 263 pp. 24 pi. Price 
$1.10. 

In preparation: 

— Adephagous and Clavicom Coleoptera from the Tertiary Deposits at Florissant, Colorado, with 
Descriptions of a Few Other Forms and including a Systematic List of the Non-Rhyncophorous Ter- 
tiary Coleoptera of North America, by Samuel Hubbard Scudder. 

— Flora of the Laramie and Allied Formations, by Frank Hall Knowlton. 

BULLETINS. 

1. On Hypersthene-Andesite and on Triclinic Pyroxene in Augitic Rocks, by Whitman Cross, with a 
Geological Sketch of Buffalo Peaks, Colorado, by S. F. Emmons. 1883. 8°. 42 pp. 2 pi. Price 10 cents. 

2. Gold and Silver Conversion Tables, giving the Coining Value of Troy Ounces of Fine Metal, etc., 
computed by Albert WiUiams, jr. 1883. 8°. 8 pp. Price 5 cents. 

3. On the Fossil Faunas of the Upper Devonian, along the Meridian of 76° 30', from Tompkins County, 
NewTork, to Bradford County, Pennsylvania, by Henry S.Williams. 1884. 8°. 36 pp. Price 5 cents, 

4. On Mesozoic Fossils, by Charles A. White. 1884. 8°. 36 pp. 9 pi. Price 5 cents. 

5. A Dictionary of Altitudes in the United States, compiled by Henry Gannett. 1884. 8°. 325 pp. 
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6. Elevations m the Dominion of Canada, by J. W. Spencer. 1884. 8°. 43 pp. Price 5 cents. 

7. Mapoteca Geologica Americana. A Catalogue of Geological Maps of America (North and South), 
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8. On Secondary Enlargements of Mineral Fragments in Certain Rocks, by R. D. Irs'ing and C. R. 
Van Hise. 1884. 8°. 56 pp. 6 pi. Price 10 cents. 

9. A Report of Work done in the Washington Laboratory during the Fiscal Tear 1883-'84. F. W. 
Clarke, Chief Chemist. T. M. Chatard, Assistant Chemist. 1884. 8=. 40 pp. Price 5 cents. 

10. On the Cambrian Faunas of North America. Preliminary Studies, by Charles Doolittle Walcott. 
1884. 8°. 74 pp. 10 pi. Price 5 cents. 

11. On the Quaternary and Recent Mollusca of the Great Basin; with Descriptions of New Forms, 
by R. Ellsworth Call. Introduced by a Sketch of the Quaternary Lakes of the Great Basin, by G. K. 
Gilbert. 1884. 8°. 66 pp. 6 pi. Price 5 cents. 

12. A Crystallographic Study of the Thinolite of Lake Lahontan, by Edward S. Dana. 1884. 8°. 
34 pp. 3 pi. Price 5 cents. 

13. Boundaries of the United States and of the Several States and Territories, witli a Historical 
Sketohof the Territorial Changes, by Henry Gannett. 1885. 8°. 135 pp. Price 10 cents. (Exhausted.,- 

14. The Electrical and Magnetic Properties of the Iron-Carburets, by Carl Barus and Vincent 
Strouhal. 1885. 8°. 238 pp. Price 15 cents. 

15. On the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Paleontology of California, by Charles A. White. 1885. 8°. 33 pp. 
Price 5 cents. 

16. On the Higher Devonian Faunas of Ontario County, New York, by John M. Clarke. 1885. 8° 
86 pp. 3 pi. Price 5 cents. 



IV ADVERTISEMENT. 

17. On the Development of Cr.tstallization in tlie Igneous Ilocks of Washoe, Xevada, Tritli Koteson 
the Geology of the District, by Arnold Hague and Josei)h P. Iddings. 1885. 8°. 44 pp. Price 5 
cents. 

18. On Marine Eocene, Fresh-water Miocene, and Other Fos.sil Mollusea of 'Westeru Xorth America, 
by Cliarles A. AVhite. 1885. 8^. 26 pp. 3 pi. Price 5 cents. 

19. Xotes on the Stratigraphy of California, by George F. Becker. 1885. 8-. 28 pp. Price 5 cents. 
(Exhausted.) 

20. Contributions to tlie Mineralogy of the Rocky ^lountaius, by Whitman Cro.ss and AV. F. Hille- 
brand. 1.^85. 8^. 114 pp. 1 pi. Price 10 cents. 

21. The Lignites of the Great Sioux Picservation. A Ileport on the Region between the Grand and 
iiloreau Rivers, Dakota, by Bailey 'Vrillis. 1885. 8^. 16 pp. 5 pi. Price 5 cents. 

22. On Kew Cretaceous Fossils from California, by Charles A. White. 1885. 8^. '25 pp. 5 pi. 
Price 5 cents. 

23. Observations on the Junction between the Eastern Sandstone and tlie Keweenaw Series on 
Keweenaw Point. Lake Superior, by It. D. Irving and T. C. Charuberliu. 1885. 8-. 124 pp. 17 pi. 
Pi-ice 15 cents. 

24. List of Marine Mollusea. comjirising the Quaternary Fossils and Recent Forms from American 
Localities between Cape Hatteras and Ca])e Roque. including the Bermudas, by William Healy Dall. 
1885. 8°. 336 pp. Price 25 cents. 

25. The Present Technical Condition of the Steel Industry of the United States. byPhiueas Barnes. 
1885. 8°. 85 pp. Price 10 cents. 

26. Copper Smelting, by Henry M. Howe. 1885 8^. 107 pp. Price 10 cents. 

27. Report of Work done in the Division of Chemistry and Physics, mainly during the Fiscal Tear 
1884-'85. 1886. 8^. 80 pp. Price 10 cents. 

28. The Gabbros and Associated Hornblende Rocks occurring iu tlie ISeighboihood of Baltimore 
Maryland, by George Huntington AVilliams. 1880. 8°. 78 pp. 4 pi. Price 10 cents. 

29. On the Fresh-water Invertebrates of the Korth American Jurassic, by Charles A. White. 1880. 
8". 41 pp. 4 pi. Price 5 cents. 

30. Second Contribution to the Studies ou the Cambrian Faunas of Korth America, by Charles Doo- 
little Walcott. 1886. 8=. 309 pp. 33 pi. Price 25 cents. 

31. Systematic Review of oitr Present Knowledge of Fossil Insects, iucludiug Myriapods and Arach- 
nids, by Samuel Hubbard Scudder. 1886. 8". 128 P11. Price 15 cents. 

32. Lists and Analyses of the Mineral Springs of the United States ; (a Preliminary Study), by Albert 
C. Peale. 1886. 8". 230 pp. Price 20 cents. 

33. JTotes ou the Geology of Northern California, by J. S. Diller. 1886. S°. 23 pp. Price 5 cents. 

34. Ou the Relation of the Laramie Molluscan Fauna to that of the Succeeding Fresh-water Eocene 
and Other Groups, by Charles A. White. 1886. 8^. 54 pp. 5 pi. Price 10 cents. 

35. Physical Properties of the Irou-Carbitrets, by Carl Bartis and Vincent Strouhal. 1880. 8^. 62 
pp. I'rice 10 cents. 

36. Sub.sidence of Fine Soliil Particles iu Liquids, by Carl Bartts. 1880. 8='. 58 pp. Price 10 cents. 

37. Types of the Laramie Flora, by Lester F. Ward. 1887. 8^. 3.54 pp. 57 pi. Price 25 cents. 

38. Peridotite of Elliott County, Kentucky, by J. S. Diller. 1887. 8°. 31pp. 1 pi. Price 5 cents. 

39. The Upper Beaches and Deltas of the Glacial Lake Agassiz, Ijy Warren Upham. 1SS7. 8°. 84 
pp. 1 pi. Price 10 cents. 

40. Changes iu River Courses in Washington Territory due to Glaciation, by Bailey Willis. 1887. 
8°. 10 pp. 4 111. Price 5 cents. 

41. On the Fossil Faunas of the Upper Devonian — the Genesee Section, Kew York, by Henry S. 
Williams. 1887. 8=. 121 pp. 4 pi. Price 15 cents. 

42. Report of Work done in the Division of Chemistry and Physics, mainly during the Fiscal Year 
1885-'80. F.W.Clarke, Chief Chemist. 1887. 8^. 152 pp. 1 pi. Price 15 cents. 

43. Tertiary and Cretaceous Strata of the Tuscaloosa. Tombigbee, and Alabama Rivers, by Eugene 
A. Smith and Lawrence C. Johnson. 1887. 8^. 189 pp. 21 pi. Price 15 cents. 

44. Bibliography of Xorth American Geology for 1880, by Kelson H. Darton. 1887. 8^. 35 pp. 
Price 5 cents. 

45. The Present Condition of Knowledge of the Geology of Texas, by Robert T. Hill. 1887. 8=. 94 
pp. Price 10 cents. 

46. Nature and Origin of Deposits of Phosphate of Lime, by R. A. F. Penrose, jr., with an Intro- 
duction by N. S. Shaler. 1888. 8^. 143 pp. Price 15 cents. 

47. Analyses of Waters of the Yellowstone National Park, -with an Account of the Methods of 
Analysis employed, by Frank Austin Gooch and James Edward Whitfield. 1888. 8='. 84 pp. Price 
10 cents. 

48. On the Form and Position of the Sea Level, by Robert Simpson Woodward. 1888. 8°. 88 pp. 
Price 10 cents. 

49. Latitudes and Longitudes of Certain Points in Missouri, Kansas, and Kew Mexico, by Robert 
Simpson Woodward. 1889. 8'^. 133 pp. Price 15 cents. 

50. Formulas and Tables to facilitate the Construction and Use of Maps, b_y Robert Simpson Wood- 
ward. 1889. 8=. 124 pp. Price 15 cents. 



ADVERTISEMENT. V 

51. On Invertebrate Fossils from the Pacific Coast, by Cbarles Abiatbar TThite. 1889. 8°. 102 
pp. 14 pi. Pi'ice 15 cents. 

52. Subaerial Decay of Eocks and Origin of the Pied Color of Certain Formations, by Israel Cook 
Eussell. 1S89. 8°. 65 pp. 5 pi. Price 10 cents. 

53. The Geology of Kantncket, by Katbauiel Southgate Sbaler. 18S9. 8=. 55 pp. 10 pi. Price 10 
cents. 

54. On the Thermo-Electric Measurement of High Temperatures, by Carl Earns. 1889. 8^. 313 pp. 
incl. 1 pi. 11 pi. Price 25 cents. 

55. Eeport of "Work done in the Dirision of Chemistry and Physics, mainly during the Fiscal Xear 
1886-87. Frank Wiggles'n-orth Clarke, Chief Chemist. 1889. 8^. 96 pp. Price 10 cents. 

56. Fossil TTood and Lignite of the Potomac Formation, by Frank Hall Knowlton. 1889. 8=. 72 
pp. 7 pi. Price 10 cents. 

57. A Geological Eeconnaissance in Southwestern Kansas, by Eobert Hay. 1890. 8^. 49 pp. 2 pi. 
Price 5 cents. 

58. The Glacial Boundary in "Western Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois, by George 
Frederick Wright, -with an Introduction by Thomas Chrovrder Chamberliu. 1890. 8°. 112 pp. 8 pi. 
Price 15 cents. 

59. The Gabbros and Associated Eocks in Delaware, by Frederick D. Chester. 1890. 8°. 45 pp. 
Ipl. Price 10 cents. 

60. Eeport of \"^'ork done in the Division of Chemistry and Physics, mainly during the Fiscal Tear 
887-'88. F. "W. Clarke, Chief Chemist. lS9u. 8°. 174 pp. Price 15 cents. 

61. Contributions to the Mineralogy of the Pacific Coast, by 'William Harlow Melville and "Waldemar 
Liudgren. 1890. 8=. 40 pp. 3 pi. Price 5 cents. 

62. The Greenstone Schist Areas of the Menominee and Marquette Eegions of Michigan; a Contri- 
bution tothe Subject of Dynamic Metamorphism in Eruptive Eocks, by George Huntington "Williams; 
with an Introduction by Eoland Duer Irving. 1890. 8°. 241 pp. 16 pi. Price 30 cents. 

63. A Bibliography of Paleozoic Crustacea from 1698 to 1889, including a List of North American 
Species and a Systematic Arrangement of Genera, by Anthony "W. Togdes. 1890. 8°. 177 pp.. Price 
15 cents. 

64. A Eeport of Work done in the Division of Chemistry and Physics, mainly during the Fiscal 
Tear 1888-'89. F. "W. Clarke. Chief Chemist. 1890. 8°. 60 pp. Price 10 cents. 

65. Stratigraphy of the Bituminous Coal Field of Pennsylvania, Ohio, and "West Virginia, by Israel 
C. "White. 1891. 8°. 212 pp. 11 pi. Price 20 cents. 

66. On a Group of Tolcanic Eocks from the Tewan Mountains, New Mexico, and on the Occurrence 
ol Primary Quartz in Certain Basalts, by Joseph Paxsou Iddings. 1890. 8°. 34 pp. Price 5 cents. 

67. The Eelations of the Traps of the Newark System in the New Jersey Eegion, by Nelson Horatio 
Darter. 1890. 8°. 82 pp. Price 10 cents. 

68. Earthquakes in California in 1889, by James Edward Keeler. 1890. 8°. 25 pp. Price 5 cents, 

69. A Classed and Annotated Bibliography of Fossil Insects, by Samuel Hubbard Scudder. 1890. 
S°. 101 pp. Price 15 cents. 

70. Eeporton Astronomical Work of 1889 and 1890, by Eobert Simpson "Woodward. 1890. 8°. 79 pp. 
Price 10 cents. 

71. Index to the Known Fossil Insects of the "World, including Myriapods and Arachnids, by Samuel 
Hubbard Scudder. 1891. 8°. 744 pp. Price 50 cents. 

72. Altitudes between Lake Superior and the Eocky Mountains, by Warren Upham. 1891. 8°. 
229 pp. Price 20 cents. 

73. The Viscosity of Solids, by Carl Barus. 1891. 8°. xii, 139 pp. 6 pi. Price 15 cents. 

74. The Minerals of North Carolina, by Frederick Augustus Genth. 1891. 8^. 119 pp. Price 15 
cents. 

75. Eecord of North American Geology for 1887 to 1889, inclusive, by Nelson Horatio Darton. 1891. 
8°. 173 pp. Price 15 cents. 

76. A Dictionary of Altitudes in the United States (Second Edition), compiled by Henry Gannett, 
Chief Topographer. 1891. 8°. 393 pp. Price 25 cents. 

77. The Texan Permian and its Mesozoic Types of Fossils, by Charles A. White. 1891. S°. 51pp. 
4 pi. Price 10 cents. 

78. A Eeport of Work done in the Division of Chemistry and Physics, mainly during the Fiscal 
Tear 1889-90. F. "W. Clarke, Chief Chemist. 1891. 8^. 131pp. Price 15 cents. 

79. A Late Volcanic Eruption in Northern California and its Peculiar Lava, by J. S. Diller. 1891. 8°. 
33 pp. 17 pi. Price 10 cents. 

80. Correlation Papers — Devonian and Carboniferous, by Henry Shaler "Williams. 1891. 8°. 279 pp. 
Price 20 cents. 

81. Correlation Papers— Cambrian, by Charles Doolittle "Walcott. 1891. 8=. 447 pp. 3 pi. Price 
25 cents. 

82. Correlation Papers— Cretaceous, by Charles A. "White. 1891. 8^. 273 pp. 3 pi. Price 20 cents. 

83. Correlation Papers— Eocene, by "William Bullock Clark. 1891. 8=. 173 pp. 2 pi. Price 15 cents- 



VI ADVERTISEMENT. 

84. Correlation Papers— Neocene, by W. H. Dall and G. D. Harris. 1892. 8°. 349 pp. 3 pi. Price 
25 cents. 

85. Correlation Papers— The Newark System, by Israel Cook Russell. 1892. 8°. 344 pp. 13 pi. 
Price 25 cents. 

86. Correlation Papers — Archean and Algonkian, by C. R. Van Hise. 1892. 8°. 549 pp. 12 pi. 
Price 25 cents. 

87. A Synopsis of American Fossil Brachiopoda, including Bibliography and Synonymy, by Charles 
Schnchert. 1897. S°. 464 pp. Price 25 cents. 

88. The Cretaceous Foraminifera of New Jersey, by Rufus Mather Bagg, jr. 1898. 8°. 89 pp. 6 pi. 
Price 10 cents. 

89. Some Lava Flows of the Western Slope of the Sierra Nevacla, California, by F. Leslie Rausome. 
1898. 8°. 74 pp. 11 pi. Price 15 cents. 

90. A Report of Work done in the Division of Chemistry and Physics, mainly during the Fiscal 
Year 1890-'91. F. W. Clarke, Chief Chemist. 1892. 8°. 77 pp. Price 10 cents. 

91. Record of North American Geology for 1890, by Nelson Horatio Darton. 1891. 8°. 88 pp. Price 
10 cents. 

92. The Compressibility of Liquids, by Carl Barus. 1892. 8°. 96 pp. 29 pi. Price 10 cents. 

93. Some Insects of Special Interest from Florissant, Colorado, and Other Points in the Tertiaries 
of Colorado and Utah, by Samuel Hubbard Scudder. 1892. 8°. 35 pp. 3 pi. Price 5 cents. 

94. The Mechanism of Solid Viscosity, by Carl Barus. 1892. 8°. 138 pp. Price 15 cents. 

95. Earthquakes iu California in 1890 and 1891, by Edward Singleton Holden. 1892. 8°. 31 pp. 
Price 5 cents. 

96. The Volume Thermodynamics of Liquids, by Carl Barus. 1892. 8'=. 100 pp. Price 10 cents. 

97. The Mesozoic Echinodermata of the United States, by William Bullock Clai'k. 1893. 8°. 207 
pp. 50 pi. Price 20 cents. 

98. Flora of the Outlying Carboniferou,s Basins of Southwestern Missouri, by David White. 1893. 
8°. 139 pp. 5 pi. Price 15 cents. 

99. Record of North American Geology for 1891, by Nelson Horatio Darton. 1892. 8^. 73 pp. 
Price 10 cents. 

100. Bibliography and Index of the Publications of the U. S. Geological Survey, 1879-1892, by Philip 
Creveling Warman. 1893. 8°. 495 pp. Price 25 cents. 

101. Insect Fauna of the Rhode Island Coal Field, by Samuel Hubbard Scudder. 1893. 8°. 27 pp. 
2 pi. Price 5 cents. 

102. A Catalogue and Bibliography of North American Mesozoic Invertebrata, by Cornelius Breck- 
inridge Boyle. 1803. 8°. 315 pp. Price 25 cents. 

103. High Temperature Work in Igneous Fusion and Ebullition, chiefly in Relation to Pressure, by 
Carl Barus. 1893. 8^. 57 pp. 9 pi. Price 10 cents. 

104. Glaciation of the Yellowstone Valley north of the Park, by Walter Harvey Weed. 1893. 8°, 
41 pi>. 4 pi. Price 5 cents. 

105. The Laramie and the Overlying Livingston Formation in Montana, by Walter Harvey Weed, 
with Report on Flora, by Frank Hall Knowlton. 1893. 8°. 68 pp. 6 pi. Price 10 cents. 

106. The Colorado Formation and its Invertebrate Fauna, by T. W. Stanton. 1893. 8°. 28S pp. 
45 pi. Price 20 cents. 

107. The Trap Dikes of the Lake Champlain Region, by James Furman Kemp and Vernon Free- 
man Marsters. 1893. 8c. 62 pp. 4 pi. Price 10 cents. 

108. A Geological Recounoissance in Central Washington, by Israel Cook Russell. 1893. 8°. 108 pp. 
12 pi. Price 15 cents. 

109. The Eruptive and Sedimentary Rocks on Pigeon Point, Minnesota, and their Contact Phenom- 
ena, by William Shirley Bayley. 1893. 8°. 121 pp. 16 pi. Price 15 cents. 

110. The Paleozoic Section in the Vicinity of Three Forks, Montana, by Albert Charles Peale. 1893. 
8°. 56 pp. 6 pi. Price 10 cents. 

111. Geology of the Big Stone Gap Coal Field of Virginia and Kentucky, by Marius R. Campbell. 
1893. 8°. 106 pp. 6 pi. Price 15 cents. 

112. Earthquakes in California in 1892, by Charles D. Perrine. 1893. 8°. 57 pp. Price 10 cents. 

113. A Report of Work done in the Division of Chemistry during the Fiscal Years 1891-'92 and 
1892-'93. F. W. Clarke, Chief Chemist. 1893. 8^. 115 pp. Price 15 cents. 

114. Earthquakes in California in 1893, by Charles D. Perrine. 1894. 8°. 23 pp. Price 5 cents. 

115. A Geograpliic Dictionary of Rhode Island, by Henry Gannett. 1894. 8°. 31 pp. Price 5 cents. 

116. A Geographic Dictionary of Massachusetts, by Henry Gannett. 1894. 8°. 126 pp. Price 15 
cents. 

117. A Geographic Dictionary of Connecticut, by Henry Gannett. 1894. 8°. 67 pp. Price 10 cents. 

118. A Geographic Dictionary of Now Jersey, by Henry Gannett. 1894. 8°. 131pp. Price 15 cents. 

119. A Geological Reconnoissance in Northwest Wyoming, by George Homans Eldridge. 1894. 8°. 
72 pp. 4 pi. Price 10 cents. 

120. The Devonian Systeui of Eastern Pennsylvania and New York, by Charles S. Prosser. 1895. 
8°. 81 pp. 2 pi. Price 10 cents. 



ADVERTISEMENT. VII 

121. A Bibliography of North American Paleontology, by Charles Rollin Keyes. 1894. 8°. 251 pp. 
Price 20 cents. 

122. Results of Primary Triangulation, by Henry Gannett. 1894. 8=. 412 pp. 17 pi. Price 25 cents. 

123. A Dictionary of Geographic Positions, by Henry Gannett. 1895. 8°. 183 pp. 1 pi. Price 15 
cents. 

124. Revision of Nortli American Fossil Cockroaches, by Samuel Hubbard Scudder. 1895. 8°. 176 
pp. 12 pi. Price 15 cents. 

125. The Constitution of the Silicates, by Frank "Wigglesworth Clai-ke. 1895. 8°. 109 pp. Price 15 
cents. 

126. A Mineralogical Lexicon of Franklin, Hampshire, and Hampden Counties, Massachusetts, by 
Benjamin Kendall Emerson. 1895. 8°. 180 pp. 1 pi. Price 15 cents. 

127. Catalogue and Index of Contributions to North American Geology, 1732-1891, by Nelson 
Horatio Darton. 1896. 8°. 1045 pp. Price 60 cents. 

128. The Bear River Formation and its Characteristic Fauna, by Charles A. White. 1895. 8°. 108 
pp. 11 pi. Price 15 cents. 

129. Earthquakes in California in 189-(, by Charles D. Perrine. 1895. 8°. 25 pp. Price 5 cents. 

130. Bibliography and Index of North American Geology, Paleontology, Petrology, and Mineralogy 
for 1892 and 1893, by Fred Boughton Weeks. 1896. 8°. 210 pp. Price 20 cents. 

131. Report of Progress of the Division of Hydrography for the Calendar Years 1893 and 1894, by 
Frederick Haynes Newell, Topographer in Charge. 1895. 8^. 126 pp. Price 15 cents. 

132. The Disseminated Lead Ores of Southeastern Missouri, by Arthur Winslow. 1896. 8°. 31 pp. 
Price 5 cents. 

133. Contributions to the Cretaceous Paleontology of the Pacific Coast : The Fauna of the Kuoxville 
Beds, by T. W, Stanton. 1895. 8°. 132 pp. 20 pi. Price 15 cents. 

134. The Cambrian Rocks of Pennsylvania, by Charles Doolittle Walcott. 1896. 8°. 43 pp. 15 pi. 
Price 5 cents. 

135. Bibliography and Index of North American Geology, Paleontology, Petrology, and Mineralogy 
for the Tear 1894, by F. B. Weeks. 1896. 8°. 141 pp. Price 15 cents. 

136. Volcanic Rocks of South Mountain, Pennsylvania, by Florence Bascom. 1896. 8°. 124 pp. 28 
pi. Price 15 cents. 

137. The Geology of the Fort Riley Military Reservation and Vicinity, Kansas, by Robert Hay. 
1896. 8°. 35 pp. 8 pi. Price 5 cents. 

138. Artesian-Well Prospects in the Atlantic Coastal Plain Region, by N. H. Darton. 1896. 8°. 228 
pp. 19 pi. Price 20 cents. 

139. Geology of the Castle Mountain Mining District, Montana, by W. H. Weed and L. V. Pirsson. 
1896. 8°. 164 pp. 17 pi. Price 15 cents. 

140. Report of Progress of the Division of Hydrography for the Calendar Year 1895, by Frederick 
Haynes Newell, Hydrographer in Charge. 1896. 8°. 356 pp. Price 25 cents. 

141. The Eocene Deposits of the Middle Atlantic Slope in Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, by Will- 
iam Bullock Clark. 1896. 8°. 167 pp. 40 pi. Price 15 cents. 

142. A Brief Contribution to the Geology and Paleontology of Northwestern Louisiana, by T. Way- 
land Vaughan. 1896. 8°. 65 pp. 4 pi. Price 10 cents. 

143. A Bibliography of Clays and the Ceramic Arts, by John C. Branner. 1896. 8°. 114 pp. Price 
15 cents. 

144. The Moraines of the Missouri Coteau and their Attendant Deposits, by James Edward Todd. 
1896. 8°. 71 pp. 21 pi. Price 10 cents. 

145. The Potomac Formation in Virginia, by W. M. Fontaine. 1896. 8°. 149 pp. 2 pi. Price 15 cents. 

146. Bibliography and Index of North American Geology, Paleontology, Petrology, and Miner- 
alogy for the Year 1895 by F. B. Weeks. 1896. 8°. 130 pp. Price 15 cents. 

147. Earthquakes in California in 1895, by Charles D. Perrine, Assistant Astronomer in Charge of 
Earthquake Observations at the Lick Observatory. 1896. 8°. 23 pp. Price 5 cents. 

148. Analyses of Rocks, with a Chapter on Analytical Methods, Laboratory of the United States 
Geological Survey, 1880 to 1896, by F. W. Clarke and W. F. Hillebrand. 1897. 8°. 306 pp. Price 20 
cents. 

149. Bibliography and Index of North American Geology, Paleontology, Petrology, and Mineralogy 
for the Year 1896, by Fred Boughton Weeks. 1897. 8°. 152 pp. Price 15 cents. 

150. The Educational Series of Rock Specimens Collected and Distributed by the United States 
GeologicalSurvey,by Joseph Silas Diller. 1898. 8°. 400 pp. 47 pi. Price 25 cents. 

151. The Lower Cretaceous Gryphaeas of the Texas Region, by R. T. Hill and T. Wayland Vaughan. 
1898. 8°. 139 pp. 35 pi. Price 15 cents. 

152. A Catalogue of the Cretaceous and Tertiary Plants of North America, by F. H. Knowlton. 
1898. 8°. 247 pp. Price 20 cents. 

153. A Bibliographic Index of North American Carboniferous Invertebrates, by Stuart Weller. 
1898. 8°. 653 pp. Price 35 cents. 

154. A Gazetteer of Kansas, by Henry Gannett. 1898. 8°. 246 pp. C pi. Price 20 cents. 



VIII ADVERTISEMENT. 

155. Earthquakes in Cnliforuia iu 1896 and 1897, by Charles D. Perrine. Assistant Astronomer in 
Charge of Earlh(iuake Observations at the Lick Observatory. 1898. 8-. 4T pp. Price 5 cents. 

156. Bibliography ami Imlex of North American Geology, Paleontology, Petrology, and Mineralogy 
or the Tear 1897, by Fred Bougbtou Weeks. 1898. 8". 130 pp. Price 15 cents. 

157. The Gneisses. Gabbro-Schists. and Associated Rocks of .So uth-n-estern Minnesota, by Christopher 
■Webber Hall. 1899. 8". 160 pp. 27 pi. Price 45 cents. 

158. The Moraines of Sontheast«rn South Dakota and their Attendant De])osits, by James Edward 
Todd. 1899. 8=. 171 pp. 27 pi. Price 25 cents. 

159. The Geology of Eastern Berkshire County, Massachusetts, by B. K. Emerson. 1899. 8^. 139 
pp. 9 pi. Price 20 cents. 

ICO. A Dictionary of Altitudes in the United States (Third Edition), compiled by Henry Gannett. 
1899. 8=. 775 pp. Price 40 cents. 

161. Earthquakes in California iu 1898, by Charles D. Perrine Assistant Astronomer in Charge of 
Earthquake Obser^-atious at the Lick Observatory. 1899. 8^. 31 pp. 1 pi. Price 5 cents. 

162. Bibliography and Index of North American Geology, Paleontology, Petrology, and Mineralogy 
for the Tear 1898. by Fred Boughtou Weeks. 1899. 8=. 163 pp. Price 15 cents. 

163. Flora of the Montana Formation, by Frank Hall Knowlton. 1900. 8^. 118pp. Price 15 cents. 

164. Iteconnaissauce in the Rio Grande Coal Fields of Texas, by Thomas Wayland Taughan, includ- 
ing a Report on Igneous Rocks from the San Carlos Coal Field, by E. C. E. Lord. 1900. 8°. 100 pp. 
11 pi. and maps. Price 20 cents. 

165. Contributions to the Geology of Maine, by Henry S. Williams and Herbert E. Gregory. 1900. 
8°. 212 pp. 14 pi. Price 2n cents. 

166. A Gazetteer of Utah, by Henry Gannett. 1900. 8-. 43 pp. 1 map. Price 15 cents. 

167. Contributions to Chemistry and Mineralogy from the Laboratory of the United States Geological 
Survey, Frank W. Clarke, Chief Chemist. 1900. 8°. 166 pp. Price 15 cents. 

168. Analyses of Rocks, Laboratory of the United States Geological Survey, 1880 to 1899, tabulated 
by F. W. Clarke, Chief Chemist. 1900. 8^. 308 pp. Price 20 cents. 

169. Altitudes iu Alaska, by Henry Gannett. 1900. 8-. 13 pp. frice 5 cents. 

170. Survey of the Boundary Line between Idaho and Montana from the International Boundary to 
the Crest of the Bitterroot Mountains, by Richard Urquhart Goode. 1900. 8^. 67 pp. 14 pi. Price 
15 cents. 

In preparation : 

171. Boiindaries of the United States and of the Several States and Territories, with an Outline of 
the History of all Important Changes of Territory (Second Edition), by Henry Gannett. 

172. Bibliography and Index of North American Geology, Paleontology, Petrology, and Mineralogy 
for the Tear 1899, by Fred Boughton Weeks. 

173. Synopsis of American Fossil Bryozoa, including Bibliography and Synonymy, by John M. 
Nickles and Ray S. Bassler. 

174. Survey of the Northwestern Boundary of the United States, 1857-1800, by Marcus Baker. 

— Triangulation and spirit leveling iu Indiitn Territory, by Charles II. Fitch. 

— Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America, by Oliver Perry Hay. 

WATER-SUPPLT AND IRRIGATION PAPERS. 
By act of Congress approved June 11, 1896, the following provision was made : 

"Provided, That hereafter the reports of the Geological Survey In relation to the gauging of 
streams and to the methods of utilizing the water resources may be printed in octavo form, not to 
exceed one hundred pages in length .ind live thousand copies in number; one thousand copies of 
■which shall be for the official use of the Geological Survey, one thousand five hundred copies shall be 
delivered to the Senate, and two thousand five hundred copies shall be delivered to the House of Rep- 
resentatives, for distribution." 
Under this law the following papers have been published : 

1. Pumping Water for Irrigation, by Herbert M.Wilson. 1890. 8^ 57 pp. 9 pi. 

2. Irrigation near Phoenix, Arizona, by Arthur P. Davis. 1897. 8-. 97 pp. 31 pi. 

3. Sewage Irrigation, by George W. Rafter. 1897. 8^. 100 pp. 4 pi. 

4. A Reconnoissance iu Southeastern Washington, by Israel Cook Russell. 1897. 8°. 96 jjp. 7 pi. 

5. Irrigation Practice on the Great Plains, by Elias Branson Cowgill. 1897. 8^. 39 pp. 12 pi. 

6. Underground Waters of Southwestern Kansas, by Erasmuth Haworth. 1897. 8°. 65 pp. 12 pi. 

7. Seepage Waters of Northern Utah, by Samuel Fortier. 1897. 8^. 50 pp. 3 pi. 

8. Windmills for Irrigation, by E. C. Murphy. 1897. 8^. 49 pp. 8 pi. 

9. Irrigation near Greeley, Coloriido, by David Boyd. 1897. 8-. 90 pp. 21 pi. 

10. Irrigation iu Mesilla Valley, New Mexico, by F. C. Barker. 1898. 8^ 51pp. U pi. 

11. River Heights for 1890, by Arthur P.Davis. 1897. 8°. 100 pp. 

12. Underground W.itera of Southeastern Nebraska, by N. H. Darton. 1898. 8='. 56 pp. 21 pi. 

13. Irrigation Systems in Texas, by William Ferguson Hutson. 1898. 8^. 67 pp. 10 pi. 

14. New Tests of Pumps and Water-Lifts used iu Irrigation, by O.P.Hood. 1898. 8°. 91pp. 1 pL 

15. Operations at River Stations, 1897, Part I. 1898. 8-. 100 pp. 

16. Operations at River Stations, 1897, Part II. 1898. 8=. 101-200 pp. 

17. Irrigation near Bakersfield, California, Ijy C.E.Grunsky. 1898. 8°. 96 pp. 10 pi. 

18. Irrigation near Fresno, California, by C. E. Grunsky. 1898. 8°. 94 pp. 14 pi. 



ADVERTISEMENT. IX 

19. Irrigation near Merced, California, by C.E. Grunsky. 1899. 8". 59 pp. 11 pi. 

20. Experiments with Windmills, by T. 0. Perry. 1899. 8'=. 97 pp. 12 pi. 

21. Wells of jSTortheru Indiana, by Frank Leverett. 1899. 8=. 82 pp. 2 pi. 

22. Sewage Irrigation, Part II, by George "W.Eafter. 1899. 8=. 100 pp. '^ pi. 

23. Water-right Problems of the Bighorn Mountains, by Elwood Mead. 1899. 8°. 62 pp. 7 pi. 

24. Water Eesources of the State of New York, Part I, by G. W. Rafter. 1899. 8°. 99 pp. 13 pi. 

25. Water Resources of the State of Xew York, Part II, by G.W. Rafter. 1899. 8°. 101-200 pp. 12 pi. 

26. Wells of Southern Indiana (Continuation of No. 21), by Frank Leverett. 1899. 8°. 64 pp. 

27. Operations at River Stations for 1898, Part I. 1899. 8^. 100 pp. 

28. Operations at River Stations for 1898, Part II. 1899. 8=. 101-200 pp. 

29. Wells and Windmills in JTebraska, by ErAvin H. Barbour. 1899. 8'^. 85 pp. 27 pi. 

30. Water Resources of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, by Alfred C.Lane. 1899. 3°. 97pp. 7pl. 

31. Lower Michigan Mineral Waters, by Alfred C.Lane. 1899. 8°. 97 pp. 4 pi. 

32. Water Resources of Puerto Rico, by Herbert M. Wilson. 1899. 8°. 48 pp. 17 pi. 

33. Storage of Water on Gila River, Arizona, by Joseph B. Lippincott. 1900. 8=. 98 pp. 33 pi. 

34. Geology and water resom-ces of SE. South Dakota, by J. E. Todd. 1900. 8°. 34 pp. 19 pis. 
In preparation: 

35. Operations at River Stations, 1899, Part I. 

36. Operations at River Stations, 1890, Part II. 

37. Operations at River Stations, 1899, Part III. 

38. Operations at River Stations, 1899, Part IV. 

39. Operations at River Stations, 1899, Part V. 

TOPOGRAPHIC MAP OF THE UNITED STATES. 

When, in 1882, the Geological Survey was directed by law to make a geologic map of the United 
States, there was in existence no suitable topographic map to serve as a base for the geologic map. 
The preparation of such a topographic map was therefore immediately begun. About one-fifth of the 
area of the country, excluding Alaska, has now been thus mapped. The map is published in atlas 
sheets, each sheet representing a small quadrangular district, as explained under the next heading. 
The separate sheets are sold at 5 cents each when fewer than 100 copies are purchased, but when they 
are ordered in lots of 100 or more copies, whether of the same sheet or of different sheets, the price is 
2 cents each. The mapped areas are widely scattered, nearly every State being represented. About 
900 sheets have been engraved and printed; they are tabulated by States in the Survey's " List of 
Publications," a pamphlet which may be had on application. 

The map sheets represent a great variety of topographic features, and with the aid of descriptive 
text they can be used to illustrate topographic forms. This has led to the projection of an educational 
series of topographic folios, for use wherever geography is taught in high schools, academies, and 
colleges. Of this series the first two folios have been issued, viz : 

1. Physiographic types, by Henry Gannett, 1898, folio, consisting of the following sheets and 4 pages 
of descriptive text: Fargo (N. Dak. -Minn.), a region in youth; Charleston (W. Va.), a region in 
maturity; Caldwell (Kans.), a region in old age; Palmyra (Va.), a rejuvenated region; Mount Shasta 
(Cal.), a young volcanic mountain; Eagle (Wis.), moraines; Sun Prairie (Wis.), drumlins; Donald- 
sonville (La.), river flood plains; Boothbay (Me.), a fiord coast; Atlantic City {N. J.), a barrier-beach 
coast. 

2. Physiographic types, by Henry Gannett, 1900, folio, consisting of the following sheets and 11 pages 
of descriptive text: Norfolk (Va.-N. C), a coast swamp; Marshall (Mo.), a graded river; Lexington 
(Nebr.), an overloaded stream; Harrisburg (Pa.), Apjialachian ridges; Poteau Mountain (Ark.-Ind. 
T.), Ozark ridges; Marshall (Ark.), Ozark Plateau; West Denver (Colo.), hogbacks; Mount Taylor 
(N.Mex.), volcanic peaks, plateaus, and necks; Cucamonga (Cal.), alluvial cones; Crater Lake special 
(Oreg.), a crater. 

GEOLOGIC ATLAS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

The Geologic Atlas of the United States is the final form of publication of the topographic and 
geologic maps. The atlas is issued in parts, or folios, progressively as the surveys are extended, and 
is designed ultimately to cover the entire country. 

Under the plan adopted the entire area of the country is divided into small rectangular districts 
(designated quadrangles), bounded by certain meridians and parallels. The unit of survey is also the 
unit of publication, and the maps and descriptions of each rectangular district are issued as a folio of 
the Geologic Atlas. 

Each folio contains topographic, geologic, economic, and structural maps, together with textual 
descriptions and explanations, and is designated bj' the name of a principal town or of a prominent 
natural feature within the district. 

Two forms of issue have been adopted, a "library edition" and a "field edition." In both the 
sheets are bound between heavy paper covers, but the library copies are permanently bound, while 
the sheets and covers of the field copies are only temporarily wired together. 

Under the law a copy of each folio is sent to certain public libraries and educational institutions. 
The remainder are sold at 25 cents each, except such as contain an unusual amount of matter, which 
are priced accordingly. Prepayment is obligatory. The folios ready for distribution are here listed. 



ADVERTISEMENT. 







1 




Area, in 


Price, 


Ko. Name of sheet. 


State. Limiting meridians. 


Limiting parallels. 


.square 


in 










miles. 


cents. 


1 


Livingston 


Montana.. 


1100-111° 


450-460 


3,354 


25 


2 


Ringgold 1 


Georgia... 1 
Tennessee ij 


85°-85° 30' 


34° 30' -35° 


980 


25 


3 


Placervillfi 


California 




120° 30'-121° 


38° 30'-39° 


932 


25 


4 


Kingston a 


Tennessee 




84° 30'-85° 


350 30'-36o 


969 


25 


5 


Sacramento 


Calit'oruia 




1210-121° 30' 


38° 30'-39° 


932 


25 


6 


Chattanooga 


Tennessee 




850-85° 30' 


350-35° 30' 


975 


25 


7 


Pikes Peak a ] 


Colorado.. 




1050-105° 30' 


38° 30'-39° 


932 1 


25 


8 


Sewanee 


Tennessee 




85° 30'-86o 


350-350 30' 


975 ' 


25 


9 


Anthracite-Crest- 
ed Butte. |- 


Colorado.. 
Virginia .. 


] 


106O 45'-107o 15' 


38° 45'-39° 


465 


50 


10 


Harpers Ferry . . < 


West Va.. 
Maryland. 


1 


770 30'-78o 


39°-39° 30' 


925 


25 


11 


Jackson 

( 


California. 
Virginia . . 


) 


1200 30'-121o 


38°-38o 30' 


938 


25 


12 


Estillville I 


Kentucky. 
Tennessee 


1 


820 30'-83o 


36° 30'-37o 


957 


25 


13 


Fredericksburg. . < 


Maryland. 
Virginia .. 


} 


770-77' 30' 


380-380 30' 


938 


25 


14 


Staunton < 

Lassen Peak 


Virginia .. 
West Va . . 


J 


79°-79° 30' 


380-38° 30' 


938 


25 


15 


California. 




1210-122° 


40O-41O 


3,634 


25 


16 


Knoxville •! 


Tennessee 
N.Carolina 


> 


83° 30'-84o 


350 30'-36o 


925 


25 


17 


Marys ville 


California 




121° 30'-122o 


390-390 30' 


925 


25 


18 


Smartsville 

( 


California 
Alabama.. 




1210-1210 30' 


390-390 30' 


925 


25 


19 


Stevenson < 


Georgia... 
Tennessee 




85° 30'-86° 


34° 30'- 35° 


980 


25 


20 


Cleveland 


Tennes.see 




84° 30'-85° 


350-350 30' 


975 


25 


21 


I'ikeville 


Tennessee 




850-85° 30' 


35° 30'-36° 


969 


25 


22 


McMinn ville 


Tennessee 




85° 30'-86o 


350 30'-36° 


969 


25 


23 


Domini ..........s 


Maryland . 
Virginia .. 


} 


76° 30'-77o 


38°-38° 30' 


938 


25 








24 


Three Forks 


Montana.. 




111°-112° 


45°-46° 


3,354 


50 


25 


Loudon 


Tennessee 




84°-840 30' 


35° 30'-36o 


969 


25 


26 


Pocahontas < 

Morristown 


Virginia . . 
West Va.. 


} 


810-810 30' 


370-370 30' 


951 


25 


27 


Tennessee 


830-830 30' 




963 


25 


28 


Piedmont i 


Maryland. 
West Va.. 


} 


790-790 30' 


390-390 30' 


925 


25 


29 


Nevada City : 
















Nevada' City- 1 




f 121° 


00' 25"-121o 03' 45" 


390 13' 50"-39° 17' 16" 


11.65 


) 




Grass Valley . > 


California. 


{ 121° 


01' 35"-12lo 05' 04" 


390 10' 22"-39o 13' 50" 


12.09 


} 50 




Banner Hill..) 




[ 120° 57' 05"-121° 00' 25" 


390 13' 50"-39o 17' 16" 


1L65 


) 


30 


Yellowstone Na- 
tional Park: 
Gallatin ] 
















Canyon 1 

Shoshone ( 


Wyoming. 




1100-1110 


440-450 


3,412 


75 




Lake J 














31 


Pyramid Peak 


California. 




120°-120o 30' 


38° 30'-39o 


932 


25 


32 


Franklin I 

Briceville 


Virginia .. 
West Va.. 


} 


790-790 30' 


380 30'_39o 


932 


25 


33 


Tenn essee 


840-840 30' 


36'-36o 30' 


963 


25 


34 


Buckhannon 


West Va . . 




800-80° 30' 


38° 30'-39o 


932 


25 


35 


Gadsden , . , 


Alabama. . 
Colorado.. 
California. 




86°-86o 30' 
104° 30'-105° 
120° 30'-121o 


340-340 30' 
38°-38o 30' 
390 30'-40° 


986 
938 
919 


25 


36 


Pueblo 


50 


37 


Downieville 


25 


38 


Butte Special 


Montana.. 


112° 


29' 30"-112o 36' 42" 


45° 59' 28"-46° 02' 54" 


22.80 


50 


39 


Truckee 


California. 
Tennessee 




1200-1200 30' 
84° 3n'-85° 


390-390 30' 
36°-36° 30' 


925 
963 


25 


40 


Wartburg 


25 


41 


Sonora 


California. 
Texas 




120°-120° 30' 
100°-100° 30' 


37° 30'-38° 
29° 30'-30° 


944 
1,035 


25 


42 


Nueces 


25 


43 


BidwellBar 


California. 




1210-121° 30' 


390 30'-40° 


918 


25 


44 


Tazewell | 

Boise 


Virginia . . 
West Va.. 


} 


810 30'-82o 


37°-37° 30' 


950 


25 


45 


Idaho 


116°-116o 30' 


43° 30'-44° 


864 


25 


46 


Kichmond 


Kentucky 




840-84° 30' 


37° 30'-38° 


944 


25 


47 


London 


Kentucky 




84°-84o 30' 


37°-37o 30' 


950 


25 


48 


Tenmile District 

Special. 
Roseburg 


Colorado.. 




106° 8'-106o 16' 


390 22' 30"-39o 30' 30" 


55 


25 


49 


Oregon . . . 




1230-123° 30' 


430-43° 30' 


871 


25 


50 


Holyoke < 


Mass 

Conn 


} 


720 30'_73o 


420-420 30' 


885 


50 


51 


Big Trees 


California 




I200-I200 30' 


38°-38° 30' 


938 


25 


52 


Absaroka : 
















Craudall "1 

Ishawooa / 


Wyoming. 




1090 30'-110o 


440-44° 30' 


1,706 


25 


53 


Staudingstoue 


Tennessee 




850-85° 30' 
a Out of stock. 


360-360 30' 


963 


25 



ADVERTISEMENT. 



XI 



Ko. 


Name of sheet. 


State. 


Limiting meridians. 


Limiting parallels. 


Area, in 
square 
miles. 


Price, 

in 
cents. 


54 




"Washing- 
ton. 
Montana.. 
Montana.. 


122°-122° 30' 

1100-111° 
1103-111° 

107° 4.S'-108d 


470-47° 80' 

47°-48° 

460-47° 

37° 4.=;' 3S0 


812 

3,273 

3. 295 

236 

950 


25 


55 
56 
57 


Tort Benton 

Little Belt Mts . . . 
Telluride 


25 
25 
25 


58 




Colorado.. 104O-104O 30' i 370-370 30' 


25 















STATISTICAL PAPERS. 

MineralResourceaof the United States, 1882, by Albert Williams, jr. 1883. 8°. xvii, 813 pp. Price 
50 cents. , 

Mineral Resources of the United States, 1883 and 1884, by Albert "Williams, jr. 1885. 8°. xiv, 1016 
pp. Price 60 cents. 

Mineral Resources of the United States, 1885. Division of Mining Statistics and Technology. 1886. 
8°. vii, 576 pp. Price 40 cents. 

MineralResourcesoftheUnitedStates, 1886, by David T.Day. 1887. 8°. viii,813pp. Price 50cent8. 

Mineral Resources of the United States, 1887, by David T. Day. 1888. 8°. vii, 832 pp. Price 50 cents. 

MineralEesourcesof the United States, 1888, by David T.Day. 1890. 8°. vii, 652 pp. Price 50 cents. 

Mineral Resources of the United States, 1889 and 1890, by David T. Day. 1892. 8°. viii, 671 pp. 
Price 50 cents. 

MineralResourcesof the United States, 1891, by David T.Day. 1893. 8^. vii, 630 pp. Price 50 cents. 

MineralResourcesoftheUnitedStates, 1892, by David T.Day. 1893. 8°. vii,8o0pp. Price50cents. 

Mineral Resources of the United States, 1893, by David T. Day. 1894. 8°. viii, 810 pp. Price 50 cents. 

On March 2, 1895, the following provision was included in an act of Congress : 
^^ Provided, That hereafter the report of the mineral resources of the United States shall be issued, 
as a part of the report of the Director of the Geological Survey." 

In compliance with this legislation the following reports have been published : 

Mineral Resources of the United States, 1894, David T. Day, Chief of Division. 1895. 8°. xv, 646 
pp., 23 pi. ; xix, 735 pp., 6 pi. Being Parts III and IV of the Sixteenth Annual Report. 

Mineral Resources of the United States, 1895, David T. Day, Chief of Division. 1896. 8°. xxiii, 
542 pp., 8 pi. and maps; iii, 543-1058 pp., 9-13 pi. Being Part III (in 2 vols.) of the Seventeenth 
Anniial Report. 

Mineral Resources of the United States, 1896, David T. Day, Chief of Division. 1897. 8°. xii, 642 
pp., 1 pi. ; 643-1400 pp. Being Part Y (in 2 vols.) of the Eighteenth Annual Report. 

Mineral Resources of the United States, 1897, David T. Day, Chief of Division. 1898. 8°. viii, 
651 pp., 11 pi. ; viii, 706 pp. Being Part YI (in 2 vols.) of the Nineteenth Annual Report. 

Mineral Resources of the United States, 1S98, David T. Day, Chief of Division. 1899. 8°. viii, 616 
pp.; ix, 804 pp., 1 pi. Being Part YI (in 2 vols.) of the Twentieth Annual Report. 

The money received from the sale of the Survey publications is deposited in the Treasury, and the 
Secretary of the Treasury declines to receive bank checks, drafts, or postage stamps ; all remittances, 
therefore, must be by bioney order, made payable to the Director of the United States Geological 
Survey, or in currency— the exact amount. Correspondence relating to the publications of the 
Survey should be addressed to — 

The Director, 

United States Geological Survey, 

"Washington, D. C. 

"Washington, D. C, June, 1900. 



[Take this leaf out and paste the separated titles upon three of your catalogue 
cards. The first and second titles need no addition; over the tliird write that 
subiect under which you would place the book in your library.] 



LIBRARY CATALOGUE SLIPS. 

United States. Department of the interior. (U. S. geological survey.) 
Department of the interior | — j Bulletin | of the | United 
States I geological survey | no. 170 | [Seal of the department] | 
Washington | government printing office | 1900 
Second title: United States geological survey | Charles D. Wal- 
cott, director | — ( Survey | of the | boundary line between Idaho 
and Montana | from | the international boundary to the crest | 
of the Bitterroot Mountains | by | Eichard Urquhart Goode | 
Washington | government printing office | 1900 
8°. 67 pp. 14 pis. 



Goode (Richard Urquhart). 

United States geological survey | Charles D. Walcott, di- 
rector I — I Survey | of the | boundary line between Idaho and 
Montana | from | the international boundary to the crest | of the 
Bitterroot Mountains | by | Eichard Urquhart Goode | [Vi- 
gnette] I 

Washington | government printing office | 1900 

so. 67 pp. 14 pis. 

[United St.\tes. Department of the interior. (V. S. geological survey.) 
Bulletin 170.1 



United States geological survey | Charles D. Walcott, di- 
rector I — I Survey | of the | boundary line between Idaho and 
Montana | from | the international boundary to the crest | of the 
Bitterroot Mountains | by | Eichard Urquhart Goode | [Vi- 
gnette] I 

Washington | government printing office | 1900 

8°. 67 pp. 14 pis. 

[United States. Department of the interior. (U. S. geological survey.) 
Bulletin 170.1 



Bull. 170 



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